Secondary Data Free Essays

string(150) by client area item Q) What is a modernized Data Base? Electronic DATA BASE A database is basically an assortment of related information. Q) What are Secondary Data? Optional Data Secondary information will be data assembled for purposes other than the culmination of an exploration venture. Information recently gathered by another person, perhaps for some other reason that can be utilized later for settling on choices whenever discovered appropriate for the reason, other than the first one. Optional information can be gained from the inward records of the association, their specialties, auxiliaries or sister associations and furthermore from outer sources, for example, offices of trade, government, expert and business advisors subject to the accessibility of information . We will compose a custom exposition test on Auxiliary Data or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now e. g. , information in books, diaries, papers, magazines, and so on †¢ e. g. , information in reports, reviews, and so forth An assortment of auxiliary data sources is accessible to the analyst gathering information on an industry, potential item applications and the commercial center. Optional information is additionally used to increase beginning understanding into the examination issue. Auxiliary information is grouped regarding its source †either inward or outer. Inner, or in-house information, is optional data gained inside the association where examination is being completed. Outer optional information is gotten from outside sources. The optional data will give a valuable foundation and will recognize key inquiries and issues that should be tended to by the essential examination. Advantages †¢ Low cost †¢ Less exertion †¢ Less time †¢ At times, increasingly precise †¢ At times, best way to get information LIMITATION †¢ Collected for some other reason †¢ No influence over information assortment †¢ May not be exact †¢ May not be in right structure †¢ May be obsolete †¢ May not meet information necessities †¢ Assumptions must be made Q) What are the serious issues experienced with Secondary Data? It is vital that the optional information are taken from a source which acquired from the first source, and afterward an auxiliary source is being utilized. It is critical to keep away from the utilization of auxiliary sources by utilizing just the first hotspots for a Secondary Data. Different issues may include: †¢ Secondary data appropriate to the examination theme is either not accessible, or is just accessible in inadequate amounts. †¢ Some auxiliary information might be of flawed precision and unwavering quality. Indeed, even government distributions and exchange magazines measurements can be deceiving. For instance, many exchange magazines study their individuals to determine appraisals of market size, advertise development rate and buying designs, at that point normal out these outcomes. Frequently these measurements are just normal feelings dependent on under 10% of their individuals. †¢ Data might be in an alternate organization or units than is required by the analyst. †¢ The system utilized by the gathering for gathering the auxiliary information isn't clarified and the exactness level may not be confirmed. Much optional information is quite a long while old and may not mirror the present economic situations. Exchange diaries and different distributions frequently acknowledge articles a half year before show up in print. The examination may have been done months or even years sooner. Q) What are the significant wellsprings of Internal Data? Inside Data Internal optional inform ation is normally an economical data hotspot for the organization directing examination, and is the spot to begin for existing activities. Inside created deals and estimating information can be utilized as an exploration source. The utilization of this information is to characterize the serious situation of the firm, an assessment of a showcasing system the firm has utilized before, or increasing a superior comprehension of the company’s best clients. The principle wellsprings of inside information may include: 1. Deals and advertising reports. These can incorporate such things as: †¢ Type of item/administration bought †¢ Type of end-client/industry portion †¢ Method of installment †¢ Product or product offering †¢ Sales domain †¢ Salesperson †¢ Date of procurement †¢ Amount of procurement †¢ Price †¢ Application by item †¢ Location of end-client 2. Bookkeeping and money related records. These are frequently a disregarded wellspring of inner optional data and can be priceless in the recognizable proof, explanation and forecast of specific issues. Bookkeeping records can be utilized to assess the achievement of different showcasing techniques, for example, incomes from an immediate advertising effort. There are a few issues in utilizing bookkeeping and money related information. One is the idealness factor †it is frequently a while before bookkeeping articulations are accessible. Another is simply the structure of the records. Most firms don't enough arrangement their records to give the sorts of answers to investigate addresses that they need. For instance, the record frameworks should catch venture/item costs so as to recognize the company’s generally gainful (and least productive) exercises. Organizations ought to likewise consider building up execution markers dependent on monetary information. These can be industry guidelines or special ones intended to quantify key execution factors that will empower the firm to screen its presentation over some stretch of time and contrast it with its rivals. Some model might be deals per representative, deals per square foot, costs per worker (sales rep, and so on ). 3. Different reports. These can incorporate such things as stock reports, administration calls, number (capabilities and pay) of staff, creation and RD reports. Additionally the company’s strategy and client calls (grumblings) log can be valuable wellsprings of data. Basic SOURCES OF INTERNAL SECONDARY DATA Information beginning inside the organization 1. Deals solicitations a. Client name b. Address c. Class of item/administration sold d. Cost by unit e. Salesman f. Term of deals g. Shipment point 2. Records receivable reports a. Client name b. Item bought c. All out unit and dollar deals d. Client as level of deals . Client as level of territorial deals f. Net revenue g. FICO score h. Things brought I back. Explanation behind bring 3 back. Quarterly marketing chart a. All out dollar and unit deals by: Customer Geographic fragment Customer portion Sales domain Product Sales report Product section b. Complete deals against arranged target c. All out deals against spending d. All out deals against e arlier periods e. Real deals rate increment/decline f. Commitment patterns 4. Deals action reports a. Arrangement of client account I. e. Super, Large, Medium and Small b. Accessible dollar deals possible c. Current deals infiltration d. Existing offers/shrinks by client area item Q) What is an automated Data Base? Automated DATA BASE A database is just an assortment of related data. You read Optional Data in classification Article models More explicitly a modernized database is a mechanized record keeping framework. All the more totally, it is a framework including information, the equipment that truly stores that information, the product that uses the hardware’s document framework so as to 1) store the information and 2) give a normalized technique to recovering or changing the information, lastly, the clients who transform the information into data. For some organizations, a mechanized database containing data about clients and possibilities has become a fundamental advertising apparatus. Making an inside showcasing optional database based upon deals results and client inclinations can be an amazing promoting apparatus. Databases managing distributed data typically found in libraries, for example, books, articles and different kinds of archives, are ordinarily called bibliographic databases. Electronic databases distributed optional information, the Internet, and inward databases are significant pieces of an organization’s data framework. Wise dynamic is constantly predicated on having great data. †¢ When an individual uses a mechanized teller machine to pull back cash from the ledger, he/she is utilizing a modernized database. †¢ When a trip specialist makes a carrier booking for the clients, he/she is utilizing a mechanized database. †¢ When a phone administrator gives the client a telephone number, he/she is utilizing a modernized database. Any noteworthy assortments of data put away on PCs are for all intents and purposes consistently composed as databases and are known as modernized information base. Modernized Database On-line merchants †buy (lease) databases from various providers and offer to the supporters (e. g. administrations gave by America Online, DIALOG). ON-LINE DATABASES Provide http: simple and direct access to open data through a PC. There are around 7,000 databases on an assortment of subjects that one can utilize. Q) Describe a particular online information base of advertising administrator? An online database which can be utilized by a showcasing director for Substantial Cost Savings, for Increasing the comprehension of the Decision Environment, Upgrading the Decision-Making Effectiveness, Improving the Information Value. This may include: †¢ Internet †World-wide broadcast communications arrange that permits PCs to get to information, documents, pictures and sound all through the world. †¢ World Wide Web †Component of the Internet intended to make transmission of text and pictures extremely simple. †¢ Uniform Reference Locator (URL) †Internet address that recognizes a particular area. †A run of the mill Web address resembles the accompanying: http://www. microsoft. com †¢ Search Engines †Internet search indexes to help in finding subjects of intrigue and URLs. †A model is Yahoo at http://www. hurray. co

Sales Pattern Analysis of Television in India free essay sample

Primary targets of the examination are to comprehend the market of customer hardware, fundamentally Televisions, what are the various advancements in the market and reaction of individuals towards it. There are basically three market parts I. e. Low Income, Middle Class and High Income Sector and the conduct of every part is not quite the same as each other. The information was gathered from an example of 7-8 shops in every class by means of a poll following which an inside and out examination was led. Anyway different figures in deals portrayals are gauge as the degree for the statistical surveying was constrained. The exploration paper shows how the deals of TVs change over the three segments dependent on their sorts, size and brands. The paper likewise uncovers the reaction of individuals towards the ordinary innovations like Ultra Slim TVs and more up to date advancements like LED TVs. This exploration study features the needs of every part through shopper conduct. We will compose a custom paper test on Deals Pattern Analysis of Television in India or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It shows the perspective of the purchaser behind the acquisition of a straightforward product, similar to a Television. The TV is one of the most significant wellsprings of data. It assumes such a noteworthy job in individuals? s regular day to day existences that it? s practically difficult to envision how we would live if there were no TV. The principle motivation behind why such a large number of individuals pick this methods for getting data and diversion is its effortlessness and comfort. The TV has now become a perplexing piece of our lives. There might be substitute techniques to engage oneself with the web, or to get world news, however the TV will in any case never leave favor. In urban India, practically all family units have in any event one TV set, which talks a great deal about its span. As the years advanced, we moved from the primary highly contrasting TVs during the 1930s to the main shading TV in 1950s. Shading TV was a disclosure in a larger number of ways than one. Prior to its appearance, individuals even envisioned clearly, shading TV even changed that. Steady headways in this field have been made. Individuals adored the idea of home amusement and an ever increasing number of diverts fired coming up so as to give it. To improve the survey understanding, quick mechanical progressions began being made, for example, level board shows, to LCDs and LEDs to the current HD and 3D seeing. Beginning with 41 sets in 1962 and one channel, by 1991 TV in India secured in excess of 70 million homes giving a survey populace of in excess of 400 million people through in excess of 100 channels. In Urban India, 85% of all families have a TV and over 70% of all family units approach Satellite, Cable or DTH administrations. Around half of every Indian family unit own a TV. Starting at 2010, an all out number of 515 directs are accessible in the nation out of which 150 are pay channels. According to the TAM Annual Universe Update 2010, India presently has more than 134 million family units (out of 223 million) with TVs, of which more than 103 million approach Cable TV or Satellite TV, including 20 million families are DTH supporters. In this manner as should be obvious that the interest for Televisions has gone up definitely. Seeing this tremendous market, there has been a huge flood of organizations in the previous decade that have begun selling their own line of TVs. We currently have in Indian markets, organizations, for example, Sony, Samsung, LG, Panasonic, Toshiba, Videocon, Onida and numerous other people who keep thinking of more current and better quality TVs. Everyone from a day by day breadwinner to a CEO in a Multinational association has a TV at home. The point of this examination is to investigate the desires of each segment of society, and to discover what sort of TVs do they want to buy, what do individuals from various salary bunches search for when they need a TV framework. The thought is to comprehend the psyche of today? purchasers, to comprehend what are their inclinations, needs and attitude, with the goal that educated choices and procedures can be planned. To direct this examination, a poll was created and the market was separated into three expansive areas to be specific Lower salary, Middle pay and High pay Offices part. Territories were perceived with these particular segments of society and the electronic stores in and around those regions were visited, for example, Saki Naka, Andheri East for lower salary division, Santacruz West and Andheri West for center and upper pay segment. For high salary ector workplaces, Opera House and Prabhadevi were visited. The volume of individuals in this area is likewise most noteworthy in our nation. Henceforth they buy the most number of TV sets in the nation and are the center section for all the organizations other than the Big Three (Samsung, Sony and LG). The fundamental point of individuals is purchasing a TV with its essential highlights with great looks to sweeten the deal even further. Tasteful worth gave by a TV is certifiably not a significant issue. „Value for Money? is the main undertaking for the purchaser. They ordinarily search for Ultra Slim TVs, Small Segment LCDs and Conventional TVs. As cost is a main consideration among these individuals, TVs which have most extreme highlights in a fixed value go are purchased.

No Value in an Empty Room

No Value in an Empty Room One misconception about minimalism is that it requires barren rooms, stark white walls, a vast emptiness. But it doesnt. While a clean aesthetic certainly lends itself to the minimalist lifestyle, one doesnt benefit from having nothing at all. Only a sanitarium  functions optimally when totally vacant. Everywhere else, however, requires a certain amount of stuff. How much stuff is up to usâ€"an individual choice. Yes, there is a certain elegance of minimalism. But thats because erasing that which is superfluous allows us to see the beauty in the essential. Cleaning the slate can be niceâ€"temporarily freeingâ€"but only because we  can fill the slate with whatever adds value to our  lives. Real value, though, comes only from inside usâ€"not the room, not the stuff. Of course this is much easier to notice if  theres less junk  cluttering our lives. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Issues in Rural Adolescent Mental Health in Australia Free Essay Example, 1500 words

The young members of the society, specifically the children and the adolescents, are believed to be the future of a nation. Indeed, their ability to function individually and as a part of the community will largely determine the status of the society. This principle has invisibly become the basis of the current policies and government actions that promote optimal health and well being of the young. In Australia, where currently live the healthiest generation of children in the history, authorities, including individuals and organizations from both public and private sectors, continue to search for and formulate the most efficient policies and services that can further improve the indices mental health as mental illness has become one of the leading causes of non-fatal burden of disease and injury affecting good health (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), 2006, p. 97). Despite such efforts, national, state and local leaders of change as well as the health care profes sions, especially those engaged in primary care must know that every policy and action such as the National Mental Health Strategy and the Fourth National Mental Health Plan will be deemed useless unless they think about and act on broader, often nonbiomedical, determinants of population health while also attending to needs of patients for individual care .We will write a custom essay sample on Issues in Rural Adolescent Mental Health in Australia or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

The Undisputed Truth About Essay Writing Topics for University Students That the Experts Dont Want You to Know

The Undisputed Truth About Essay Writing Topics for University Students That the Experts Don't Want You to Know Bear in mind you may make funny argumentative essays if you do a few things. If you're searching for some topic ideas, however, then take a look at the subsequent list and maybe one or more will fit your fancy! Actually, make it a point to do a little bit of background reading on the subject. Ask any immediate questions that you could have and Google the rest. One of several advantages of public schooling is it is a distinctly distinct setting from house in which studying topics in your home helps make it hard to stay disciplined on occasion. The problem may have scientific relevance, or it may be technically sound or could possibly be related to certain social aspects of normal life. The key thing is to understand at which area or field you're good at. If you've written on a single topic for even a month, it's likely that you are likely beginning to settle on th is issue, do it for at least 2 months and that's all your brain will think about. The top rated argumentative essay ideas are broken up into various categories. The outline should clearly depict a variety of topics and subtopics through using headings and subheadings. Curriculum proposal topics is a means to try. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics since you need opposing points that you could counter to your own points. The ways students ought to be taught about their well-being. At various classes, they learn how to perform great articles. With proper main topics, they can reach good results. Some students and counselors squawked, but I feel the word-count ceiling is a great thing. The Ideal Approach to Essay Writing Topics for University Students Writing a proposal essay isn't exactly among the toughest things you will ever get to do, and it is for precisely the same reason that you must look at learning not just how to write one, but also ho w to be sure that the one that you decide to write about is among the best that you could possibly get to supply your tutors. Brainstorming about what to write for your college essay may be daunting but it's an important procedure. The thesis will provide you with a guideline on the best way to go about with writing the essay. Writing a thesis is really quite simple if you abide by a fundamental formula. In all honesty, paying someone to compose your essay isn't ideal. So with no more ado, here's what you need to understand about writing on any topic that comes your way. Make certain that the sentences make sense and there aren't any typos, and meaningless sentences. Argumentative writings is a particular kind of a paper. Writing college essay may be the most challenging portion of the entire procedure of application for a college. There are lots of scholarship programs out there for you. You should be aware of whether you meet the requirements for some scholarship befor e applying. Universities argue it is ethically improper to submit somebody else's work as your own since it leads to a dishonest grade being awarded. Essay Writing Topics for University Students for Dummies Others must work full-time to afford to visit school, and they simply have zero opportunity to finish every writing assignment in time. One other important process whilst writing the college paper is to get a framework before writing your very first draft. If you aren't prepared to master the art of academic writing alone, there isn't any need to go the site of an official writing service for students and purchase an inexpensive paper written from scratch to stick out from the remainder of your peers! Students start to acquire more assignments and not as much time to study and complete them. A descriptive essay is an essay that's bound to offer some form of detailed info on a specific subject. The main reason why a lot of students opt to tackle descriptive essay topics is because they are simple to take care of. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's essential to at all times be critically considering the world around us. The very best argumentative essay topics are the simplest ones. The success of your essay is in the suitable selection of the topic. Knowing the Essay Topics The major focus of the way to compose a research essay is essentially the issue to be researched upon. Many students come online to discover persuasive essay topics for higher english simply to pick precise topics and begin writing about them. Take into consideration your essay for a conversation or debate. Finding the Best Essay Writing Topics for University Students A different way to help get a clearer idea about the college essay is read about other college essay that was done by other people. To compose a strong argumentative essay, students should start by familiarizing themselves with a number of the common, and frequently conflicting, positions on the research topic so they can write an educated paper. Many students think a thesis is merely a group of ideas strung together with a couple crucial words. Every student who would like to perform a great academic paper can use ment ioned subjects and example argumentative essay to do an exemplary work. Introducing Essay Writing Topics for University Students Make sure you're picking a genuine essay writing service instead of just some bogus content mill. It's possible for you to check and match until the rates and deliverables, then decide to employ the most appropriate company for expert customized university essay writing services. Our custom made service is prepared to help you choose a custom persuasive topics for your college essay as soon as you place an order with us. Using paid services that provide essay writing help has been an increasing trend in recent decades. Essay Writing Topics for University Students: the Ultimate Convenience! In this kind of situation, the chance of being cheated through an on-line essay writing content mill only increases the agony and frustration of overburdened students. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to discover ready-made essays and use them as an example. Log into the world wide web, there are a number of sites that supply the sample college essay. All things considered, you can observe that writing a persuasive essay isn't a brain surgery.

Drag in aircrafts Free Essays

string(63) " is least at minimum AOA and is greatest at the maximum AOA i\." There are four forces that act on an aircraft in flight: lift, weight, thrust, and drag. Aircraft’s motion in air is dependent on the relative magnitude and direction of these forces. Fig -1 below shows the direction of these forces. We will write a custom essay sample on Drag in aircrafts or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fig 1 (Benson, 2006) The weight of an airplane is always directed towards the center of the earth. The thrust is normally directed forward along the center-line of the aircraft. Lift and drag are aerodynamic forces on the airplane. Drag acts in a direction opposite to the motion of the aircraft and hence is sometimes referred to as the aerodynamic friction, while lift force acts perpendicular to the motion. An aircraft is in a state of equilibrium when the thrust and drag are equal and opposite. It will continue to move forward at the same uniform speed. If thrust or drag becomes greater than the opposite force, the aircraft loses its state of equilibrium. If thrust is greater than drag, the aircraft will accelerate. If drag is greater than thrust, the aircraft will lose speed and eventually descend. When lift and weight are equal and opposite, the airplane is in a state of equilibrium. If lift is greater than weight, the aircraft will climb. If weight is greater than lift, the airplane will descend. Drag is the aerodynamic force encountered as an airplane pushes through the air, which tends to slow the airplane down. Drag is generated by the contact of a solid body with a fluid, in this case due to the interaction between the plane body and air. Drag force, which is a mechanical force, is generated by every part of the airplane including the engines. It is a vector quantity i. e. has both magnitude and direction. Drag must be overcome by thrust in order to achieve forward motion. Drag is generated by nine conditions associated with the motion of air particles over the aircraft. Although prediction of drag and wind tunnel drag measurements of models yield good results, final drag evaluation must be obtained by flight tests. Sources of Drag in aircrafts Drag can be thought of as aerodynamic friction, and one of the sources of drag is the skin friction between the molecules of the air and the solid surface of the aircraft. Drag can also be thought of as aerodynamic resistance to the motion of the object through the fluid. This source of drag depends on the shape of the aircraft and is called form drag. As air flows around a body, the local velocity and pressure are changed. Since pressure is a measure of the momentum of the gas molecules and a change in momentum produces a force, a varying pressure distribution will produce a force on the body. This causes pressure drag. As an aircraft approaches the speed of sound, shock waves are generated along the surface. There is a drag penalty, known as wave drag that is associated with the formation of the shock waves. The magnitude of the wave drag depends on the Mach number of the flow. Ram drag is associated with slowing down the free stream air as air is brought inside the aircraft. Jet engines and cooling inlets on the aircraft are sources of ram drag. (Benson, 2006) There is an additional drag component caused by the generation of lift, known as induced drag, is the drag due to lift. It is also called â€Å"drag due to lift† because it only occurs on finite, lifting wings. This drag occurs because the flow near the wing tips is distorted span wise as a result of the pressure difference from the top to the bottom of the wing. Swirling vortices are formed at the wing tips, which produce a downwash of air behind the wing which is very strong near the wing tips and decreases toward the wing root. The local angle of attack of the wing is increased by the induced flow of the down wash, giving this, downstream-facing, component to the aerodynamic force acting over the entire wing. Types of Drag in aircrafts There are several types of drag: form, pressure, skin friction, parasite, induced, wave and ram. However, form, pressure, skin friction, wave and ram drags are collectively known as parasite drag. Hence, there are only two types of drag: parasite and induced Parasite drag – Profile or parasite drag is caused by the airplane pushing the air out of the way as it moves forward. The parasite drag of a typical airplane consists primarily of the skin friction, roughness, and pressure drag of the major components. Some additional parasite drag is also due to things like fuselage upsweep, control surface gaps, base areas, and other extraneous items. The basic parasite drag area for airfoil and body shapes can be computed from the following expression: f = k cf Swet, where the skin friction coefficient, cf , which is based on the exposed wetted area includes the effects of roughness, and the form factor, k, accounts for the effects of both super-velocities and pressure drag. Swet is the total wetted area of the body or surface. Computation of the overall parasite drag requires that we compute the drag area of each of the major components (fuselage, wing, nacelles and pylons, and tail surfaces) and then evaluate the additional parasite drag components described above. Hence it is written as: CDp = S ki cfi Sweti / Sref + CDupsweep + CDgap+ CDnac_base + CDmisc, where the first term includes skin friction, and pressure drag at zero lift of the major components. cfi is the average skin friction coefficient for a rough plate with transition at flight Reynolds number. Equivalent roughness is determined from flight test data. (http://adg. stanford. edu/aa241/drag/parasitedrag. html) Induced drag – Induced drag is the part of the force produced by the wing that is parallel to the relative wind, i. e. the lift. As it is a consequence of the vortices it is sometimes called vortex drag. Induced drag is least at minimum AOA and is greatest at the maximum AOA i. You read "Drag in aircrafts" in category "Papers" e. angle of attack. Induced drag = (k ? CL? / A) ? Q ? S where A is the wing aspect ratio. (Preston, R) The magnitude of induced drag depends on the amount of lift being generated by the wing and on the wing geometry Long, thin (chord wise) wings have low induced drag; short wings with a large chord have high induced drag. An airplane must fight its way through both kinds of drag in order to maintain steady flight. . Total drag is a sum of Parasite and Induced drag. Total Drag = Parasite drag + Induced drag However, the total drag of an aircraft is not simply the sum of the drag of its components. When the components are combined into a complete aircraft, one component can affect the air flowing around and over the airplane, and hence, the drag of one component can affect the drag associated with another component. These effects are called interference effects, and the change in the sum of the component drags is called interference drag. Thus, (Drag)1+2 = (Drag)1 + (Drag)2 + (Drag)interference (Johnston, D) Generally, interference drag will add to the component drags but in a few cases, for example, adding tip tanks to a wing, total drag will be less than the sum of the two component drags because of the reduction of induced drag. Total drag and its variation with altitude The equation for total drag is: D = CD x S x ? rV2 (Preston, R) where, CD is the coefficient of drag. It must be subdivided into two parts, the Cdi (Coefficient of induced drag) and CDp (Coefficient of parasite drag. ). Therefore it can be written as: D = (Cdi + Cdp) x S x ? rV2 (Preston, R) The airplane’s total drag determines the amount of thrust required at a given airspeed. Thrust must equal drag in steady flight. Lift and drag vary directly with the density of the air. As air density increases, lift and drag increase and as air density decreases, lift and drag decrease. Thus, both lift and drag will decrease at higher altitudes. Fig 1 shows the total drag curve which represents drag against velocity of the object. The fuel-flow versus velocity graph for an air graph is derived from this graph, and generally looks as shown in Fig 2 Fig – 1 (Preston, R) Fig – 2 (Preston, R) From the above drag it is seen that the total drag is minimum at a certain velocity. This occurs when the parasitic drag is equal to the induced drag. Below this speed induced drag dominates, and above this speed parasite drag dominates. Design engineers are interested in minimizing the total drag. Unfortunately many factors may conflict. For example, longer wing span reduces induced drag, but the larger frontal area usually means a higher coefficient of parasite drag. Conversely, a high wing loading (i. e. a small wing) with a small aspect ratio produces the lowest possible parasite drag but unfortunately is the produces for a lot of induced drag. In recent time it is seen that jet airliners have longer wings, to reduce induced drag, and then fly at higher altitudes to reduce the parasite drag. This causes no improvement in aerodynamic efficiency, but the higher altitudes do result in more efficient engine operation. (Preston, R) Angle of Attack (AOA), is the angle between the wing and the relative wind. Everything else being costant, an increase in AOA results in an increase in lift. This increase continues until the stall AOA is reached then the trend reverses itself and an increase in AOA results in decreased lift. The pilot uses the elevators to change the angle of attack until the wings produce the lift necessary for the desired maneuver. Besides AOA other factors also contribute to the production of lift, like relative wind velocity and air density i. e. temperature and altitude. Changing the size or shape of the wing (lowering the flaps) will also change the production of lift. Airspeed is absolutely necessary to produce lift. If there is no airflow past the wing, no air can be diverted downward. At low airspeed, the wing must fly at a high AOA to divert enough air downward to produce adequate lift. As airspeed increases, the wing can fly at lower AOAs to produce the needed lift. This is why airplanes flying relatively slow must be nose high (like an airliner just before landing or just as it takes off) but at high airspeeds fly with the fuselage fairly level. The key is that the wings don’t have to divert fast moving air down nearly as much as they do to slow moving air. Air density also contributes to the wing’s ability to produce lift. This is manifested primarily in an increase in altitude, which decreases air density. As the density decreases, the wing must push a greater volume of air downward by flying faster or push it down harder by increasing the angle of attack. This is why aircraft that fly very high must either go very fast e. g. Mach 3, or must have a very large wing for its weight. This is why the large passenger airplanes cruise at higher altitude to reduce drag, and hence save on the furl costs. (â€Å"Aircraft for Amateurs†, 1999) Small sized aircrafts have lower than normal Reynolds number. The drag coefficient attributable to skin friction is hence higher for the small aircraft. For this reason, the maximum lift-drag ratios characteristic of business jet aircraft tend to be lower than those of the large transports. Hence, the smaller flights can fly at relatively lower altitudes. References Books John A. Roberson Clayton T. Crowe, 1997, Engineering fluid Mechanics, 6th ed. , John Weily Sons Inc. , ISBN 0-471-14735-4. Clement Klienstreuer, 1997, Engineering Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-49670-5 Websites â€Å"Aircraft for Amateurs†, 11th Jan. 1999 http://www. fas. org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/intro. htm Benson, T. , â€Å"The Beginner’s guide to Aeronautics†. , 14th March 2006 http://www. grc. nasa. gov/WWW/K-12/////airplane/ Johnston, D. , â€Å"Drag†, http://www. centennialofflight. gov/essay/Theories_of_Flight/drag/TH4. htm â€Å"Parasitic Drag†, http://adg. stanford. edu/aa241/drag/parasitedrag. html Preston, R. , â€Å"Total Drag† and â€Å"Flight Controls†, http://selair. selkirk. bc. ca/aerodynamics1/ How to cite Drag in aircrafts, Papers

Judging The Veracity Of CSA Memories 1. Essays -

Judging the Veracity of CSA Memories 1. In October of 1996 a group of Psychologist at Stanford University began conducting a study funded by an award from the Institute on Women and Gender located also at Stanford University. This study centered on examining factors associated with therapist's judgements and treatment decisions regarding patients with memories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and how these personal judgements affected treatment strategies. The researchers implemented a detailed questionnaire and surveyed five hundred four male and five hundred four female therapists and then compiled the results obtaining some very contradictory results when compared with previously held beliefs. The study identified three primary goals: to examine the relationship between characteristics of sexual abuse memories and the therapists' ability to judge the credibility of the allegations, to review the link between the therapists' determination of truthfulness of the sexual abuse memory and the treatment decisions made, and to examine the effect of the therapists' beliefs on clinical judgement and treatment decisions. The researchers noted that there is a growing body of empirical evidence that shows a large number of adults reporting sexual abuse also report forgetting some or all of their abuse. Problems have been feared though if a therapist does not believe their client and navigates a course of treatment that will not benefit the patient's actual needs. They also mention a growing fear among therapists of being accused in criminal court of planting false memories of CSA. The fourth goal of this study, not outlined by the researchers, was interpreted as finding and establishi ng a strong guideline to assist therapist when reviewing patients reporting memories of CSA or presenting symptoms relating to those memories. Judging the Veracity of CSA Memories 2. The research group implemented a detailed and original National Psychologist Survey that included a varying case vignette and a questionnaire. The case vignette consisted of two paragraphs with the first paragraph describing a 32-year-old male or female patient with seven psychological symptoms that have been associated with CSA including specific instances of acting out for men and women. The second paragraph then contained specific information of five different characteristics of abuse. These varied in a ratio to conceive 48 different vignettes and each participant was randomly given one of the 48 vignettes. Also included were four separate sections to the questionnaire, the Abuse Credibility Rating, Abuse-Focused Treatment Scale (AFTS), Prevalence of Sexual Abuse Scale (PSABS), and demographics. The research group utilized five focus groups and one panel of experts to develop the questionnaire and vignettes. The participants were 1008 randomly chosen members of the APA. Sixty eight percent of the participants responded with one percent refusing to participate. Five percent of the questionnaires had too much missing data to be useful. This created a pool of 64% of 984 usable questionnaires. The participants represented an ethnic breakdown that was consistent with the APA as a whole with the majority being doctoral level therapist. Twelve percent of the respondents reported a history of sexual abuse with two percent refusing to answer the question and three percent not being sure These efforts revealed some expected and some surprising results concerning how therapist interpret the type of recollection a patient presents. The article cited a study by Ofshe and Watters (1994) which stated that therapists rely on vague memories as evidence of sexual abuse. Whereas the results of this study showed therapists tend to Judging the Veracity of CSA Memories 3. hold vivid memories as proof of CSA. The study also showed therapists tend to disbelieve the truthfulness of previously forgotten memories as portraying actual events. However, there is a large volume of studies present, employing varying methodologies, which show a portion of CSA survivors experience periods of forgetting all or part of their ordeal such as those suffering from post traumatic stress disorder. Despite strong evidence proving a CSA survivor may well forget portions of their trauma, this study showed therapists tend to believe vivid and complete memories as opposed to vague, partial, or previously forgotten memories. Therapists also take into account the age of the patient at the time they experienced the abuse. They are prone to believe the patients who remember the abuse occurring after age 4. The therapists were not affected by the