Human Security - 7486 Words

United Nations Development Programme Human Development Report Office This note should be read in conjunction with the Regional/ National Human Development Report Toolkit. While the toolkit provides general guidance on preparing a Regional or National Human Development Report, this note gives specific suggestions on how to approach the concept of human security as a topic for such a report. Human Security A Thematic Guidance Note for Regional and National Human Development Report Teams BY OSCAR A. GÓMEZ AND DES GASPER Contents What is Human Security?............ 2 Getting Started...................................... 4 Selecting objectives and themes...... 4 The process.................................................... 6†¦show more content†¦National and regional HDRs aiming to address varying categories of threats and values can use the human security approach in analyzing the topic. Previous reports based on the human security approach have, for example, dealt with social exclusion, modernization and climate change; they have used examples where the State has been a threat; or explored possible future threats. Human security is a flexible approach and can be tailored to different contexts and topics, according to the specific context. No matter which topic is addressed, a guiding principle of the human security approach is that it requires understanding the particular threats experienced by particular groups of people, as well as the participation of those people in the analysis process. Threats to human security can exist at all levels of development. They can emerge slowly and silent ly or appear suddenly and dramatically. Central to the approach is the idea that people have ‘the right to live in freedom and dignity, free from poverty and despair†¦ with an equal opportunity to enjoy all their rights and fully develop their human potential.’3 3 UN General Assembly,Show MoreRelatedThe Concept Of Human Security1454 Words   |  6 PagesTraditionally, security is understood as national security. However, this notion proves to lack of a comprehensive understanding because the nature of conflicts is changing, and the state is no longer the sole object to be protected. Therefore, many scholars have suggested a new concept in terms of security, which is security for human. The concept of human security has been regarded as controversial since its introduction in the world politics. However, it is undeniable that the concept has beenRead MoreHuman Security And The Security Of A State962 Words   |  4 Pagescomes to the security of a state, more traditional perspectives place security of the state above the security of its people. A direct opposition would be a less traditional perspective that the state should protect its most valuable asset, the people. Before comparing human security topics and traditional security topics, b oth must be explained because incorporation of human security to traditional security values causes mass tension. In the most basic of definitions, human security is keeping theRead MoreHuman Security and National Security2199 Words   |  9 PagesHUMAN AND NATIONAL SECURITY: ENMESHING CONCEPTUALIZATION OF SECURITY PARADIGM IN EMERGING SECURITY DYNAMICS Introduction and Background In the realm of international relations and political science, there has been the recurring debate on the human versus national security. Theorists and scholars, like Goucha and Crowley (2008, 57) enrolled into the ethos of realism take the state-oriented view of the security and places the dominance of national security over human security; whereas, those whoRead MoreHuman Security And State Security1820 Words   |  8 Pagestoday’s issues pose threats to human and state security. These threats are broken down into four categories: migration, food issues, epidemics, and environmental issues. While each classification affects both human and state security, they prove to be more threatening to one more than the other. This paper will explore which issues are more threatening to which type of security by first defining human and state security. Next, the effect these topics have on state security will be studied. FollowingRead MoreClimate Change, Human Security and Violent Conf lict Essay798 Words   |  4 Pages Climate change is becoming a focal point for security and conflict research. Research suggests that violent conflict is affected by climate change and this could become increasingly worse in the future. Barnett, J., Adger, W. (2007) suggest that climate change undermines human security by reducing the access to natural resources that sustain people’s way of life. Climate change also has the capacity to undermine states as well by cutting off the states ability to provide opportunities and servicesRead MoreEssay Worldwide Human Security1409 Words   |  6 PagesWorldwide Human Security Introduction Since the fall of the Soviet Union, the world has been searching for the next big threat to peace. With the United States arguably left alone as the only global Superpower, the threat of large scale warfare has diminished considerably. This has drawn attention to the smaller conflicts and hardships of the world. The establishment of the United Nations provided a place for the countries of the world to come together and conveneRead MoreTraditional Security vs Human Security1349 Words   |  6 PagesTRADITIONAL SECURITY VS HUMAN SECURITY INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS INSTRUCTOR: SURAT HORACHAIKUL 12/13/2012 TRADITIONAL SECURITY VS HUMAN SECURITY 2012 Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 2 2. TRADITIONAL SECURITY VS HUMAN SECURITY .................................................................................... 3 2.1. TRADITIONAL SECURITY ........Read MoreThe Differences Between State Security and Human Security Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesState security basically entails the tendency of a nation adhering to its own set of demands in regard to the issue of security policies (Baylis, J.2010, p.233).Traditional security also involves a host of other aspects that are defined by virtue of subordination. Describing the matter further reveals that state security is primarily the protection of available institutions, ethics or values within a nation, and above all human beings living inside its boundaries (Brauch, 2003, 204). State securityRead MoreEssay Human Vulnerability and IT Security2336 Words   |  10 Pagestheir organization’s overall security posture and reporting the greatest vulnerabilities to leadership. Senior management is often surprised to hear that the greatest vulnerability within an organization is not a misconfigured firewall or a virus being forwarded across an internal e-mail server, but rather a human being. When compared to a piece of hardware or software, a human user is easily the single most targeted weakness within an organization. Defining the Human Vulnerability Charles andRead MoreQuestions On Human Resource Security887 Words   |  4 Pagesand teleworking a) Mobile device policy b) Teleworking 1. Human resource security a) Prior to employment [Describe here the pre-employment screening process]. [Describe here any information security related responsibilities or obligations contained in the terms and conditions of employment. It may be possible to simply say words to the effect of â€Å"refer to our HR Manual†.]. b) During employment We raise information security awareness through training, including induction training at the commencement

Introduction to Communications Research Free Essays

Simple: contain one independent and one dependent variable. . Testable: the ability to test the relationship among variables must be clear. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Communications Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4. Useful: should provide new 3 criteria for monotheistic causal relationships 1 . Variables are correlated I. E. Describes statistical relationship between 2 variables 2. The cause takes place before the effect (post hoc ergo proper hoc) 3. The relationship between variables is non-spurious Monotheistic explanation is probabilistic in nature and is usually incomplete. Exceptions do not disprove a demonstrated monotheistic causal relationships. Causal relationships can exist even if they do not apply to the majority of cases. Longitudinal Studies Cross-sectional Studies Observations taken at single point in time. Explanation occurs by examining differences across the units of analysis (hopefully representative of population). Less expensive, but harder to establish cause and effect. Observations are taken more than once. Explanation occurs by examining differences across time. More expensive, but easier to provide sense of cause and effect. Trend Studies Examines changes in a population across time. Investigator samples randomly from a population over time, with different individuals constituting each sample. Hard to understand WHY change occurred as participants differ. Cohort Studies A type of longitudinal research where an investigator randomly samples from a but cause and effect still hard to show as surveys change. Cohort Analysis: Any study in which some characteristic of one or more cohorts is measured at two or more times. Cohort: a group of people who are linked by some common characteristic of life event. Panel Studies A longitudinal study that examines changes in individuals across time. Panel studies provide the opportunity for more in-depth analysis. Each study collects data from he same individuals. Longitudinal panel studies are expensive but informative forms of research. One must account for attrition as each â€Å"wave† of data is collected from the panel. Reduce attrition by preparation and persistence. Disadvantages of Longitudinal Studies 1. By the time the study is complete, the original measures will have become outmoded, and the overall social context will have changed. Critics will question if the findings are relevant. 2. Longitudinal researchers have to accept postponed gratification. 3. Difficult to secure funding for longitudinal studies because funding iodides often press for measures relevant for cross-sectional questions, rather than longitudinal analysis. 4. Because of their expense, it will always be necessary to plan for multiple uses, and this carries the danger of not addressing any question thoroughly. 5. Attrition over time is an ever-present hazard. Advantages of Longitudinal Studies 1 . They allow an accurate time ordering of events to better address monotheistic causation. 2. They allow the study of within-individual change ? a more powerful causal analyses than cross-sectional surveys. 3. Because these are multiple data mints, they provide a better leverage on the handling of missing data Week 5: Experimental Design 1 19th and 20th century classical experimentation 0 Practice of holding everything constant except the one variable under consideration. 0 Not controlling all potential variables, but rather manipulating levels of selected independent variables in order to examine their influence on dependent variables. Control: experimental design controls background variability so that systematic effects of treatments can be observed. 1. Control by matching Some sources of variation may be eliminated by matching, which limits inerrability However matching is only possible on known and observable characteristics and perfect matching is never possible 2. Control by randomization Converts of all irrelevant sources of possible systematic variability into unsystematic variability (random error) Like life insurance, a precaution against disturbances that may or may not occur and that may or may not be serious if they do occur 3. Control by statistical adjustment Uses statistical relations to simulate matching and increase precision. Week 6: Experimental Design 2 Design: Total experimental plan or structure of experimental research. Pre-test: The initial observation of DVD among subjects (prior to ‘V). Post-test: The measurement of DVD among subjects (after introduction of ‘V). Laboratory Experiments vs. Field Experiments Ecological validity Hawthorne Effect: where subjects alter their behavior because they know they are being studied. As such, field experiments are often non-reactive. But often results in lack of control, as intervening variables might affect the precision of the experiment. Pre-experiments: designs follow basic experimental steps but fail to include a control group or random assignment. One-Shot Case Study One-Group Pre-Test-Post-Test Design How to cite Introduction to Communications Research, Essays

Low Youth Engagement In New Zealand’s Political System †Samples

Question: Discuss about the Low Youth Engagement In New Zealands Political System. Answer: Every nation and its citizens have the power to choose their leaders and democracies around the world underlie this particular principle itself. These policies aim at addressing the voters needs and so if there is any gap in the turnout of the voters from any particular age group, it is bound to imply that the practices have very little or no positive impact on the people for whom the changes are considered. This issue is faced in case of New Zealand, where the number of voters in the low age groups is very less in percentage. Despite the fact that turnout of the voters was more or less high in the previous elections of New Zealand, the fact of concern is that the turnout of the youth, that is of the people aged between 18 to 24years was extremely low compared to the turnout of all other age groups. The youth of the country are lagging even in terms of numbers enrolled to vote as well as the number that actually turns up on the day of voting. This is a significant issue as the youth are the future of tomorrow and the probable leaders as well the drivers of the world. The matters relating to the low turn up of the youth in the elections is definitely significant and worth considering. In case these matters are not addressed with sufficient time in hand, there is the possibility of disenfranchisement which can lead to the debilitation of the country in the long run. It has been recognised as a significant issue by many and dedicated research is to be undertaken by many in order to understand the key reasons behind this issue. Based on existing information as well as the previous number of researches conducted, it has been found that several steps where implemented to increase the number of voters and make the voting process easier, as well as accessible to all (Davis, Phyak Bui, 2012). The inclusion of celebrities in the voting campaigns, the availability of enrolment forms in many fast food restaurants, shopping complexes as well as liquor stores were the steps taken to encourage all voters to participate in the upcoming elections, especially the youth. Technology also played an important role in the reduction of the accessibility as well as the knowledge barrier as they provided a ready access to those people having an internet connection. Social networking platforms were also given huge amount of importance by the political leaders in order to garner appreciation from the youth. The initiatives which were aimed at addressing the indifference as well as the lack of motivation were done to conduct a message among the youth regarding the fact that the concept of voting is not only a right but also a responsibility. Despite these attempts there was no significant improvement in the percentage of youth participation in the poles. The issue faced by New Zealand is also faced by several democracies today. Issues such as the specific non-voter segments, attitudes as well as physical barriers have been ide ntified as contributing to the low turnout of the voters comprising the youth in New Zealand. The dismal participation of youth in the polls of New Zealand is considered as a policy problem as the youth is the future of any country and if the youth do not participate, the elected leaders cannot be said to be a reflection of the mindsets of the youth. There are several reasons which are blamed for the low participation of youth in the polls. According to the surveys conducted among the youth, they had to say that a very low level of information is available about the politics of the country and the lack of proper communication is also another issue. Besides this, it can be said that the lack of young leaders in the political parties also led to the low levels of participation of the youth. It can be said regarding this that the youth are unable to identify with the aged leaders and in order to need the proper participation of the young age group these existing issues need to be addressed. In connection to solving this significant issue, three important probable policy decision s are discussed (Kelsey, 2015). The first important policy decision is the proper inculcation of civics education in the schools so that the youth are encouraged and drawn towards the voting process from a young age and understand the significance of their engagement in the voting process. Popular leaders as well as professionals have to say that the civics education in schools should focus on the concept that the voting process and casting ones vote is actually a step towards the successful running of a country and can contribute towards making the society a better place to live in (Colomer, 2016). Thus the inclusion of civics into the curriculum should be made compulsory at all schools of New Zealand. The education about being a responsible citizen, learning about the citizenship in New Zealand, should be introduced as a part of the regular study. The gap between learning about the basics of society and its implementation needs to be put into practice by the concept of voting (Palmer Palmer, 2004). As the youth feel that the system is not working for them, the youth should be assisted in understanding how the system works in their favour. Only if the youth feel that the voting process engagement will help them benefit from it and their lives will be improved will they engage in the system actively (Bell, 2012). The next important policy decision is the inclusion of young politicians as the leaders of the country. As stated by the youth in the surveys conducted, the generation gap between them and the leaders do not help in the proper communication of the aims of the country. The average age of the members of the parliament is much higher than the average age of the voter population. Traditionally this incident occurs due to the inclusion of experienced people in politics who have gone after gaining experience in their careers as well as a proven public standing (Hayward, 2015). The fact which is undeniable is the inclusion of those politicians whose demographics are absolutely unrepresentative of the people. This is a huge reason for the non-voting stance of the youth. It is not unjust to say that seeing people of similar age groups and in the same generation in the parliament is a factor which is bound to encourage young people to vote. There are exceptions however in case where the old pe ople have also appealed to the youth. However inclusion of more and more people in the parliament in the young age group is bound to increase the number of young voters participation in the elections to come. The young leaders help the youth relate with them more easily and assure them of having a voice in the parliament. Thus this can be considered as a significant policy decision (Eichbaum Shaw, 2007). Another policy decision which is being pondered on by the voting process authorities is the possibility of lowering the voting age. The existing voting age being 18 years is to be changed to the lower age of 16. 16 is the voting age for many countries and is not a baseless decision as it seems to be. Majority of the leaders however have discarded the idea of this reduction in the voting age, as the required amount of maturity is not attained at the age of 16. While some people argue that this is the necessary option, others feel that just lowering the voting age is not enough to get the youth interested in the politics of the country. Instead the deeper malaises need to be fixed (Hayward, Wheen, 2016). The politicians need to be aware of the difference between their promises as well as their actual performances in order to engage the youth more (Ichilov, 2013). In order to understand whether the implemented policy decisions are significant or successful, the main thing to be done is to wait for the upcoming elections, in order to understand the impact of the implemented policies. It also needs to be understood that the results of such policies have to be analysed over relatively longer time spans and the results may not be immediately visible. However, if an idea needs to be made regarding the way in which the implemented policies are shaping up, the best possible option is to conduct a survey. The survey should be conducted comprising the young people as the respondents in order to get an idea as to how they feel regarding the new proposals for implementation of the policies. Depending on what the youth have to say, the authorities can modify their proposals for implementation accordingly. It also needs to be understood that the existing pressure on the youth may not always allow them to engage in activities of their choice. It is in such cases that they are not able to participate in important decisions involving the nation. It can be concluded that the issue of low levels of engagement of the youth needs to be addressed as soon as possible. References: Bell, S. (2012). The power of ideas: The ideational shaping of the structural power of business.International Studies Quarterly,56(4), 661-673. Colomer, J. (Ed.). (2016).The handbook of electoral system choice. Springer. Davis, K. A., Phyak, P., Bui, T. T. N. (2012). Multicultural education as community engagement: Policies and planning in a transnational era.International Journal of Multicultural Education,14(3). Eichbaum, C., Shaw, R. (2007). Ministerial advisers, politicization and the retreat from Westminster: The case of New Zealand.Public Administration,85(3), 609-640. Hayward, J. (2015).New Zealand government and politics. Oxford University Press Australia. Hayward, J., Wheen, N. (Eds.). (2016).The Waitangi Tribunal: Te Roopu Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi. Bridget Williams Books. Ichilov, O. (2013).Citizenship and citizenship education in a changing world. Routledge. Kelsey, J. (2015).The New Zealand experiment: A world model for structural adjustment?. Bridget Williams Books. Palmer, G. W., Palmer, M. (2004).Bridled power: New Zealand's constitution and government. Oxford University Press, USA.