Secondary Data Free Essays

string(150) by client area item Q) What is a modernized Data Base? Electronic DATA BASE A database is basically an assortment of related information. Q) What are Secondary Data? Optional Data Secondary information will be data assembled for purposes other than the culmination of an exploration venture. Information recently gathered by another person, perhaps for some other reason that can be utilized later for settling on choices whenever discovered appropriate for the reason, other than the first one. Optional information can be gained from the inward records of the association, their specialties, auxiliaries or sister associations and furthermore from outer sources, for example, offices of trade, government, expert and business advisors subject to the accessibility of information . We will compose a custom exposition test on Auxiliary Data or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now e. g. , information in books, diaries, papers, magazines, and so on †¢ e. g. , information in reports, reviews, and so forth An assortment of auxiliary data sources is accessible to the analyst gathering information on an industry, potential item applications and the commercial center. Optional information is additionally used to increase beginning understanding into the examination issue. Auxiliary information is grouped regarding its source †either inward or outer. Inner, or in-house information, is optional data gained inside the association where examination is being completed. Outer optional information is gotten from outside sources. The optional data will give a valuable foundation and will recognize key inquiries and issues that should be tended to by the essential examination. Advantages †¢ Low cost †¢ Less exertion †¢ Less time †¢ At times, increasingly precise †¢ At times, best way to get information LIMITATION †¢ Collected for some other reason †¢ No influence over information assortment †¢ May not be exact †¢ May not be in right structure †¢ May be obsolete †¢ May not meet information necessities †¢ Assumptions must be made Q) What are the serious issues experienced with Secondary Data? It is vital that the optional information are taken from a source which acquired from the first source, and afterward an auxiliary source is being utilized. It is critical to keep away from the utilization of auxiliary sources by utilizing just the first hotspots for a Secondary Data. Different issues may include: †¢ Secondary data appropriate to the examination theme is either not accessible, or is just accessible in inadequate amounts. †¢ Some auxiliary information might be of flawed precision and unwavering quality. Indeed, even government distributions and exchange magazines measurements can be deceiving. For instance, many exchange magazines study their individuals to determine appraisals of market size, advertise development rate and buying designs, at that point normal out these outcomes. Frequently these measurements are just normal feelings dependent on under 10% of their individuals. †¢ Data might be in an alternate organization or units than is required by the analyst. †¢ The system utilized by the gathering for gathering the auxiliary information isn't clarified and the exactness level may not be confirmed. Much optional information is quite a long while old and may not mirror the present economic situations. Exchange diaries and different distributions frequently acknowledge articles a half year before show up in print. The examination may have been done months or even years sooner. Q) What are the significant wellsprings of Internal Data? Inside Data Internal optional inform ation is normally an economical data hotspot for the organization directing examination, and is the spot to begin for existing activities. Inside created deals and estimating information can be utilized as an exploration source. The utilization of this information is to characterize the serious situation of the firm, an assessment of a showcasing system the firm has utilized before, or increasing a superior comprehension of the company’s best clients. The principle wellsprings of inside information may include: 1. Deals and advertising reports. These can incorporate such things as: †¢ Type of item/administration bought †¢ Type of end-client/industry portion †¢ Method of installment †¢ Product or product offering †¢ Sales domain †¢ Salesperson †¢ Date of procurement †¢ Amount of procurement †¢ Price †¢ Application by item †¢ Location of end-client 2. Bookkeeping and money related records. These are frequently a disregarded wellspring of inner optional data and can be priceless in the recognizable proof, explanation and forecast of specific issues. Bookkeeping records can be utilized to assess the achievement of different showcasing techniques, for example, incomes from an immediate advertising effort. There are a few issues in utilizing bookkeeping and money related information. One is the idealness factor †it is frequently a while before bookkeeping articulations are accessible. Another is simply the structure of the records. Most firms don't enough arrangement their records to give the sorts of answers to investigate addresses that they need. For instance, the record frameworks should catch venture/item costs so as to recognize the company’s generally gainful (and least productive) exercises. Organizations ought to likewise consider building up execution markers dependent on monetary information. These can be industry guidelines or special ones intended to quantify key execution factors that will empower the firm to screen its presentation over some stretch of time and contrast it with its rivals. Some model might be deals per representative, deals per square foot, costs per worker (sales rep, and so on ). 3. Different reports. These can incorporate such things as stock reports, administration calls, number (capabilities and pay) of staff, creation and RD reports. Additionally the company’s strategy and client calls (grumblings) log can be valuable wellsprings of data. Basic SOURCES OF INTERNAL SECONDARY DATA Information beginning inside the organization 1. Deals solicitations a. Client name b. Address c. Class of item/administration sold d. Cost by unit e. Salesman f. Term of deals g. Shipment point 2. Records receivable reports a. Client name b. Item bought c. All out unit and dollar deals d. Client as level of deals . Client as level of territorial deals f. Net revenue g. FICO score h. Things brought I back. Explanation behind bring 3 back. Quarterly marketing chart a. All out dollar and unit deals by: Customer Geographic fragment Customer portion Sales domain Product Sales report Product section b. Complete deals against arranged target c. All out deals against spending d. All out deals against e arlier periods e. Real deals rate increment/decline f. Commitment patterns 4. Deals action reports a. Arrangement of client account I. e. Super, Large, Medium and Small b. Accessible dollar deals possible c. Current deals infiltration d. Existing offers/shrinks by client area item Q) What is an automated Data Base? Automated DATA BASE A database is just an assortment of related data. You read Optional Data in classification Article models More explicitly a modernized database is a mechanized record keeping framework. All the more totally, it is a framework including information, the equipment that truly stores that information, the product that uses the hardware’s document framework so as to 1) store the information and 2) give a normalized technique to recovering or changing the information, lastly, the clients who transform the information into data. For some organizations, a mechanized database containing data about clients and possibilities has become a fundamental advertising apparatus. Making an inside showcasing optional database based upon deals results and client inclinations can be an amazing promoting apparatus. Databases managing distributed data typically found in libraries, for example, books, articles and different kinds of archives, are ordinarily called bibliographic databases. Electronic databases distributed optional information, the Internet, and inward databases are significant pieces of an organization’s data framework. Wise dynamic is constantly predicated on having great data. †¢ When an individual uses a mechanized teller machine to pull back cash from the ledger, he/she is utilizing a modernized database. †¢ When a trip specialist makes a carrier booking for the clients, he/she is utilizing a mechanized database. †¢ When a phone administrator gives the client a telephone number, he/she is utilizing a modernized database. Any noteworthy assortments of data put away on PCs are for all intents and purposes consistently composed as databases and are known as modernized information base. Modernized Database On-line merchants †buy (lease) databases from various providers and offer to the supporters (e. g. administrations gave by America Online, DIALOG). ON-LINE DATABASES Provide http: simple and direct access to open data through a PC. There are around 7,000 databases on an assortment of subjects that one can utilize. Q) Describe a particular online information base of advertising administrator? An online database which can be utilized by a showcasing director for Substantial Cost Savings, for Increasing the comprehension of the Decision Environment, Upgrading the Decision-Making Effectiveness, Improving the Information Value. This may include: †¢ Internet †World-wide broadcast communications arrange that permits PCs to get to information, documents, pictures and sound all through the world. †¢ World Wide Web †Component of the Internet intended to make transmission of text and pictures extremely simple. †¢ Uniform Reference Locator (URL) †Internet address that recognizes a particular area. †A run of the mill Web address resembles the accompanying: http://www. microsoft. com †¢ Search Engines †Internet search indexes to help in finding subjects of intrigue and URLs. †A model is Yahoo at http://www. hurray. co

Sales Pattern Analysis of Television in India free essay sample

Primary targets of the examination are to comprehend the market of customer hardware, fundamentally Televisions, what are the various advancements in the market and reaction of individuals towards it. There are basically three market parts I. e. Low Income, Middle Class and High Income Sector and the conduct of every part is not quite the same as each other. The information was gathered from an example of 7-8 shops in every class by means of a poll following which an inside and out examination was led. Anyway different figures in deals portrayals are gauge as the degree for the statistical surveying was constrained. The exploration paper shows how the deals of TVs change over the three segments dependent on their sorts, size and brands. The paper likewise uncovers the reaction of individuals towards the ordinary innovations like Ultra Slim TVs and more up to date advancements like LED TVs. This exploration study features the needs of every part through shopper conduct. We will compose a custom paper test on Deals Pattern Analysis of Television in India or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It shows the perspective of the purchaser behind the acquisition of a straightforward product, similar to a Television. The TV is one of the most significant wellsprings of data. It assumes such a noteworthy job in individuals? s regular day to day existences that it? s practically difficult to envision how we would live if there were no TV. The principle motivation behind why such a large number of individuals pick this methods for getting data and diversion is its effortlessness and comfort. The TV has now become a perplexing piece of our lives. There might be substitute techniques to engage oneself with the web, or to get world news, however the TV will in any case never leave favor. In urban India, practically all family units have in any event one TV set, which talks a great deal about its span. As the years advanced, we moved from the primary highly contrasting TVs during the 1930s to the main shading TV in 1950s. Shading TV was a disclosure in a larger number of ways than one. Prior to its appearance, individuals even envisioned clearly, shading TV even changed that. Steady headways in this field have been made. Individuals adored the idea of home amusement and an ever increasing number of diverts fired coming up so as to give it. To improve the survey understanding, quick mechanical progressions began being made, for example, level board shows, to LCDs and LEDs to the current HD and 3D seeing. Beginning with 41 sets in 1962 and one channel, by 1991 TV in India secured in excess of 70 million homes giving a survey populace of in excess of 400 million people through in excess of 100 channels. In Urban India, 85% of all families have a TV and over 70% of all family units approach Satellite, Cable or DTH administrations. Around half of every Indian family unit own a TV. Starting at 2010, an all out number of 515 directs are accessible in the nation out of which 150 are pay channels. According to the TAM Annual Universe Update 2010, India presently has more than 134 million family units (out of 223 million) with TVs, of which more than 103 million approach Cable TV or Satellite TV, including 20 million families are DTH supporters. In this manner as should be obvious that the interest for Televisions has gone up definitely. Seeing this tremendous market, there has been a huge flood of organizations in the previous decade that have begun selling their own line of TVs. We currently have in Indian markets, organizations, for example, Sony, Samsung, LG, Panasonic, Toshiba, Videocon, Onida and numerous other people who keep thinking of more current and better quality TVs. Everyone from a day by day breadwinner to a CEO in a Multinational association has a TV at home. The point of this examination is to investigate the desires of each segment of society, and to discover what sort of TVs do they want to buy, what do individuals from various salary bunches search for when they need a TV framework. The thought is to comprehend the psyche of today? purchasers, to comprehend what are their inclinations, needs and attitude, with the goal that educated choices and procedures can be planned. To direct this examination, a poll was created and the market was separated into three expansive areas to be specific Lower salary, Middle pay and High pay Offices part. Territories were perceived with these particular segments of society and the electronic stores in and around those regions were visited, for example, Saki Naka, Andheri East for lower salary division, Santacruz West and Andheri West for center and upper pay segment. For high salary ector workplaces, Opera House and Prabhadevi were visited. The volume of individuals in this area is likewise most noteworthy in our nation. Henceforth they buy the most number of TV sets in the nation and are the center section for all the organizations other than the Big Three (Samsung, Sony and LG). The fundamental point of individuals is purchasing a TV with its essential highlights with great looks to sweeten the deal even further. Tasteful worth gave by a TV is certifiably not a significant issue. „Value for Money? is the main undertaking for the purchaser. They ordinarily search for Ultra Slim TVs, Small Segment LCDs and Conventional TVs. As cost is a main consideration among these individuals, TVs which have most extreme highlights in a fixed value go are purchased.

No Value in an Empty Room

No Value in an Empty Room One misconception about minimalism is that it requires barren rooms, stark white walls, a vast emptiness. But it doesnt. While a clean aesthetic certainly lends itself to the minimalist lifestyle, one doesnt benefit from having nothing at all. Only a sanitarium  functions optimally when totally vacant. Everywhere else, however, requires a certain amount of stuff. How much stuff is up to usâ€"an individual choice. Yes, there is a certain elegance of minimalism. But thats because erasing that which is superfluous allows us to see the beauty in the essential. Cleaning the slate can be niceâ€"temporarily freeingâ€"but only because we  can fill the slate with whatever adds value to our  lives. Real value, though, comes only from inside usâ€"not the room, not the stuff. Of course this is much easier to notice if  theres less junk  cluttering our lives. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Issues in Rural Adolescent Mental Health in Australia Free Essay Example, 1500 words

The young members of the society, specifically the children and the adolescents, are believed to be the future of a nation. Indeed, their ability to function individually and as a part of the community will largely determine the status of the society. This principle has invisibly become the basis of the current policies and government actions that promote optimal health and well being of the young. In Australia, where currently live the healthiest generation of children in the history, authorities, including individuals and organizations from both public and private sectors, continue to search for and formulate the most efficient policies and services that can further improve the indices mental health as mental illness has become one of the leading causes of non-fatal burden of disease and injury affecting good health (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), 2006, p. 97). Despite such efforts, national, state and local leaders of change as well as the health care profes sions, especially those engaged in primary care must know that every policy and action such as the National Mental Health Strategy and the Fourth National Mental Health Plan will be deemed useless unless they think about and act on broader, often nonbiomedical, determinants of population health while also attending to needs of patients for individual care .We will write a custom essay sample on Issues in Rural Adolescent Mental Health in Australia or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

The Undisputed Truth About Essay Writing Topics for University Students That the Experts Dont Want You to Know

The Undisputed Truth About Essay Writing Topics for University Students That the Experts Don't Want You to Know Bear in mind you may make funny argumentative essays if you do a few things. If you're searching for some topic ideas, however, then take a look at the subsequent list and maybe one or more will fit your fancy! Actually, make it a point to do a little bit of background reading on the subject. Ask any immediate questions that you could have and Google the rest. One of several advantages of public schooling is it is a distinctly distinct setting from house in which studying topics in your home helps make it hard to stay disciplined on occasion. The problem may have scientific relevance, or it may be technically sound or could possibly be related to certain social aspects of normal life. The key thing is to understand at which area or field you're good at. If you've written on a single topic for even a month, it's likely that you are likely beginning to settle on th is issue, do it for at least 2 months and that's all your brain will think about. The top rated argumentative essay ideas are broken up into various categories. The outline should clearly depict a variety of topics and subtopics through using headings and subheadings. Curriculum proposal topics is a means to try. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics since you need opposing points that you could counter to your own points. The ways students ought to be taught about their well-being. At various classes, they learn how to perform great articles. With proper main topics, they can reach good results. Some students and counselors squawked, but I feel the word-count ceiling is a great thing. The Ideal Approach to Essay Writing Topics for University Students Writing a proposal essay isn't exactly among the toughest things you will ever get to do, and it is for precisely the same reason that you must look at learning not just how to write one, but also ho w to be sure that the one that you decide to write about is among the best that you could possibly get to supply your tutors. Brainstorming about what to write for your college essay may be daunting but it's an important procedure. The thesis will provide you with a guideline on the best way to go about with writing the essay. Writing a thesis is really quite simple if you abide by a fundamental formula. In all honesty, paying someone to compose your essay isn't ideal. So with no more ado, here's what you need to understand about writing on any topic that comes your way. Make certain that the sentences make sense and there aren't any typos, and meaningless sentences. Argumentative writings is a particular kind of a paper. Writing college essay may be the most challenging portion of the entire procedure of application for a college. There are lots of scholarship programs out there for you. You should be aware of whether you meet the requirements for some scholarship befor e applying. Universities argue it is ethically improper to submit somebody else's work as your own since it leads to a dishonest grade being awarded. Essay Writing Topics for University Students for Dummies Others must work full-time to afford to visit school, and they simply have zero opportunity to finish every writing assignment in time. One other important process whilst writing the college paper is to get a framework before writing your very first draft. If you aren't prepared to master the art of academic writing alone, there isn't any need to go the site of an official writing service for students and purchase an inexpensive paper written from scratch to stick out from the remainder of your peers! Students start to acquire more assignments and not as much time to study and complete them. A descriptive essay is an essay that's bound to offer some form of detailed info on a specific subject. The main reason why a lot of students opt to tackle descriptive essay topics is because they are simple to take care of. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's essential to at all times be critically considering the world around us. The very best argumentative essay topics are the simplest ones. The success of your essay is in the suitable selection of the topic. Knowing the Essay Topics The major focus of the way to compose a research essay is essentially the issue to be researched upon. Many students come online to discover persuasive essay topics for higher english simply to pick precise topics and begin writing about them. Take into consideration your essay for a conversation or debate. Finding the Best Essay Writing Topics for University Students A different way to help get a clearer idea about the college essay is read about other college essay that was done by other people. To compose a strong argumentative essay, students should start by familiarizing themselves with a number of the common, and frequently conflicting, positions on the research topic so they can write an educated paper. Many students think a thesis is merely a group of ideas strung together with a couple crucial words. Every student who would like to perform a great academic paper can use ment ioned subjects and example argumentative essay to do an exemplary work. Introducing Essay Writing Topics for University Students Make sure you're picking a genuine essay writing service instead of just some bogus content mill. It's possible for you to check and match until the rates and deliverables, then decide to employ the most appropriate company for expert customized university essay writing services. Our custom made service is prepared to help you choose a custom persuasive topics for your college essay as soon as you place an order with us. Using paid services that provide essay writing help has been an increasing trend in recent decades. Essay Writing Topics for University Students: the Ultimate Convenience! In this kind of situation, the chance of being cheated through an on-line essay writing content mill only increases the agony and frustration of overburdened students. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to discover ready-made essays and use them as an example. Log into the world wide web, there are a number of sites that supply the sample college essay. All things considered, you can observe that writing a persuasive essay isn't a brain surgery.

Drag in aircrafts Free Essays

string(63) " is least at minimum AOA and is greatest at the maximum AOA i\." There are four forces that act on an aircraft in flight: lift, weight, thrust, and drag. Aircraft’s motion in air is dependent on the relative magnitude and direction of these forces. Fig -1 below shows the direction of these forces. We will write a custom essay sample on Drag in aircrafts or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fig 1 (Benson, 2006) The weight of an airplane is always directed towards the center of the earth. The thrust is normally directed forward along the center-line of the aircraft. Lift and drag are aerodynamic forces on the airplane. Drag acts in a direction opposite to the motion of the aircraft and hence is sometimes referred to as the aerodynamic friction, while lift force acts perpendicular to the motion. An aircraft is in a state of equilibrium when the thrust and drag are equal and opposite. It will continue to move forward at the same uniform speed. If thrust or drag becomes greater than the opposite force, the aircraft loses its state of equilibrium. If thrust is greater than drag, the aircraft will accelerate. If drag is greater than thrust, the aircraft will lose speed and eventually descend. When lift and weight are equal and opposite, the airplane is in a state of equilibrium. If lift is greater than weight, the aircraft will climb. If weight is greater than lift, the airplane will descend. Drag is the aerodynamic force encountered as an airplane pushes through the air, which tends to slow the airplane down. Drag is generated by the contact of a solid body with a fluid, in this case due to the interaction between the plane body and air. Drag force, which is a mechanical force, is generated by every part of the airplane including the engines. It is a vector quantity i. e. has both magnitude and direction. Drag must be overcome by thrust in order to achieve forward motion. Drag is generated by nine conditions associated with the motion of air particles over the aircraft. Although prediction of drag and wind tunnel drag measurements of models yield good results, final drag evaluation must be obtained by flight tests. Sources of Drag in aircrafts Drag can be thought of as aerodynamic friction, and one of the sources of drag is the skin friction between the molecules of the air and the solid surface of the aircraft. Drag can also be thought of as aerodynamic resistance to the motion of the object through the fluid. This source of drag depends on the shape of the aircraft and is called form drag. As air flows around a body, the local velocity and pressure are changed. Since pressure is a measure of the momentum of the gas molecules and a change in momentum produces a force, a varying pressure distribution will produce a force on the body. This causes pressure drag. As an aircraft approaches the speed of sound, shock waves are generated along the surface. There is a drag penalty, known as wave drag that is associated with the formation of the shock waves. The magnitude of the wave drag depends on the Mach number of the flow. Ram drag is associated with slowing down the free stream air as air is brought inside the aircraft. Jet engines and cooling inlets on the aircraft are sources of ram drag. (Benson, 2006) There is an additional drag component caused by the generation of lift, known as induced drag, is the drag due to lift. It is also called â€Å"drag due to lift† because it only occurs on finite, lifting wings. This drag occurs because the flow near the wing tips is distorted span wise as a result of the pressure difference from the top to the bottom of the wing. Swirling vortices are formed at the wing tips, which produce a downwash of air behind the wing which is very strong near the wing tips and decreases toward the wing root. The local angle of attack of the wing is increased by the induced flow of the down wash, giving this, downstream-facing, component to the aerodynamic force acting over the entire wing. Types of Drag in aircrafts There are several types of drag: form, pressure, skin friction, parasite, induced, wave and ram. However, form, pressure, skin friction, wave and ram drags are collectively known as parasite drag. Hence, there are only two types of drag: parasite and induced Parasite drag – Profile or parasite drag is caused by the airplane pushing the air out of the way as it moves forward. The parasite drag of a typical airplane consists primarily of the skin friction, roughness, and pressure drag of the major components. Some additional parasite drag is also due to things like fuselage upsweep, control surface gaps, base areas, and other extraneous items. The basic parasite drag area for airfoil and body shapes can be computed from the following expression: f = k cf Swet, where the skin friction coefficient, cf , which is based on the exposed wetted area includes the effects of roughness, and the form factor, k, accounts for the effects of both super-velocities and pressure drag. Swet is the total wetted area of the body or surface. Computation of the overall parasite drag requires that we compute the drag area of each of the major components (fuselage, wing, nacelles and pylons, and tail surfaces) and then evaluate the additional parasite drag components described above. Hence it is written as: CDp = S ki cfi Sweti / Sref + CDupsweep + CDgap+ CDnac_base + CDmisc, where the first term includes skin friction, and pressure drag at zero lift of the major components. cfi is the average skin friction coefficient for a rough plate with transition at flight Reynolds number. Equivalent roughness is determined from flight test data. (http://adg. stanford. edu/aa241/drag/parasitedrag. html) Induced drag – Induced drag is the part of the force produced by the wing that is parallel to the relative wind, i. e. the lift. As it is a consequence of the vortices it is sometimes called vortex drag. Induced drag is least at minimum AOA and is greatest at the maximum AOA i. You read "Drag in aircrafts" in category "Papers" e. angle of attack. Induced drag = (k ? CL? / A) ? Q ? S where A is the wing aspect ratio. (Preston, R) The magnitude of induced drag depends on the amount of lift being generated by the wing and on the wing geometry Long, thin (chord wise) wings have low induced drag; short wings with a large chord have high induced drag. An airplane must fight its way through both kinds of drag in order to maintain steady flight. . Total drag is a sum of Parasite and Induced drag. Total Drag = Parasite drag + Induced drag However, the total drag of an aircraft is not simply the sum of the drag of its components. When the components are combined into a complete aircraft, one component can affect the air flowing around and over the airplane, and hence, the drag of one component can affect the drag associated with another component. These effects are called interference effects, and the change in the sum of the component drags is called interference drag. Thus, (Drag)1+2 = (Drag)1 + (Drag)2 + (Drag)interference (Johnston, D) Generally, interference drag will add to the component drags but in a few cases, for example, adding tip tanks to a wing, total drag will be less than the sum of the two component drags because of the reduction of induced drag. Total drag and its variation with altitude The equation for total drag is: D = CD x S x ? rV2 (Preston, R) where, CD is the coefficient of drag. It must be subdivided into two parts, the Cdi (Coefficient of induced drag) and CDp (Coefficient of parasite drag. ). Therefore it can be written as: D = (Cdi + Cdp) x S x ? rV2 (Preston, R) The airplane’s total drag determines the amount of thrust required at a given airspeed. Thrust must equal drag in steady flight. Lift and drag vary directly with the density of the air. As air density increases, lift and drag increase and as air density decreases, lift and drag decrease. Thus, both lift and drag will decrease at higher altitudes. Fig 1 shows the total drag curve which represents drag against velocity of the object. The fuel-flow versus velocity graph for an air graph is derived from this graph, and generally looks as shown in Fig 2 Fig – 1 (Preston, R) Fig – 2 (Preston, R) From the above drag it is seen that the total drag is minimum at a certain velocity. This occurs when the parasitic drag is equal to the induced drag. Below this speed induced drag dominates, and above this speed parasite drag dominates. Design engineers are interested in minimizing the total drag. Unfortunately many factors may conflict. For example, longer wing span reduces induced drag, but the larger frontal area usually means a higher coefficient of parasite drag. Conversely, a high wing loading (i. e. a small wing) with a small aspect ratio produces the lowest possible parasite drag but unfortunately is the produces for a lot of induced drag. In recent time it is seen that jet airliners have longer wings, to reduce induced drag, and then fly at higher altitudes to reduce the parasite drag. This causes no improvement in aerodynamic efficiency, but the higher altitudes do result in more efficient engine operation. (Preston, R) Angle of Attack (AOA), is the angle between the wing and the relative wind. Everything else being costant, an increase in AOA results in an increase in lift. This increase continues until the stall AOA is reached then the trend reverses itself and an increase in AOA results in decreased lift. The pilot uses the elevators to change the angle of attack until the wings produce the lift necessary for the desired maneuver. Besides AOA other factors also contribute to the production of lift, like relative wind velocity and air density i. e. temperature and altitude. Changing the size or shape of the wing (lowering the flaps) will also change the production of lift. Airspeed is absolutely necessary to produce lift. If there is no airflow past the wing, no air can be diverted downward. At low airspeed, the wing must fly at a high AOA to divert enough air downward to produce adequate lift. As airspeed increases, the wing can fly at lower AOAs to produce the needed lift. This is why airplanes flying relatively slow must be nose high (like an airliner just before landing or just as it takes off) but at high airspeeds fly with the fuselage fairly level. The key is that the wings don’t have to divert fast moving air down nearly as much as they do to slow moving air. Air density also contributes to the wing’s ability to produce lift. This is manifested primarily in an increase in altitude, which decreases air density. As the density decreases, the wing must push a greater volume of air downward by flying faster or push it down harder by increasing the angle of attack. This is why aircraft that fly very high must either go very fast e. g. Mach 3, or must have a very large wing for its weight. This is why the large passenger airplanes cruise at higher altitude to reduce drag, and hence save on the furl costs. (â€Å"Aircraft for Amateurs†, 1999) Small sized aircrafts have lower than normal Reynolds number. The drag coefficient attributable to skin friction is hence higher for the small aircraft. For this reason, the maximum lift-drag ratios characteristic of business jet aircraft tend to be lower than those of the large transports. Hence, the smaller flights can fly at relatively lower altitudes. References Books John A. Roberson Clayton T. Crowe, 1997, Engineering fluid Mechanics, 6th ed. , John Weily Sons Inc. , ISBN 0-471-14735-4. Clement Klienstreuer, 1997, Engineering Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-49670-5 Websites â€Å"Aircraft for Amateurs†, 11th Jan. 1999 http://www. fas. org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/intro. htm Benson, T. , â€Å"The Beginner’s guide to Aeronautics†. , 14th March 2006 http://www. grc. nasa. gov/WWW/K-12/////airplane/ Johnston, D. , â€Å"Drag†, http://www. centennialofflight. gov/essay/Theories_of_Flight/drag/TH4. htm â€Å"Parasitic Drag†, http://adg. stanford. edu/aa241/drag/parasitedrag. html Preston, R. , â€Å"Total Drag† and â€Å"Flight Controls†, http://selair. selkirk. bc. ca/aerodynamics1/ How to cite Drag in aircrafts, Papers

Judging The Veracity Of CSA Memories 1. Essays -

Judging the Veracity of CSA Memories 1. In October of 1996 a group of Psychologist at Stanford University began conducting a study funded by an award from the Institute on Women and Gender located also at Stanford University. This study centered on examining factors associated with therapist's judgements and treatment decisions regarding patients with memories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and how these personal judgements affected treatment strategies. The researchers implemented a detailed questionnaire and surveyed five hundred four male and five hundred four female therapists and then compiled the results obtaining some very contradictory results when compared with previously held beliefs. The study identified three primary goals: to examine the relationship between characteristics of sexual abuse memories and the therapists' ability to judge the credibility of the allegations, to review the link between the therapists' determination of truthfulness of the sexual abuse memory and the treatment decisions made, and to examine the effect of the therapists' beliefs on clinical judgement and treatment decisions. The researchers noted that there is a growing body of empirical evidence that shows a large number of adults reporting sexual abuse also report forgetting some or all of their abuse. Problems have been feared though if a therapist does not believe their client and navigates a course of treatment that will not benefit the patient's actual needs. They also mention a growing fear among therapists of being accused in criminal court of planting false memories of CSA. The fourth goal of this study, not outlined by the researchers, was interpreted as finding and establishi ng a strong guideline to assist therapist when reviewing patients reporting memories of CSA or presenting symptoms relating to those memories. Judging the Veracity of CSA Memories 2. The research group implemented a detailed and original National Psychologist Survey that included a varying case vignette and a questionnaire. The case vignette consisted of two paragraphs with the first paragraph describing a 32-year-old male or female patient with seven psychological symptoms that have been associated with CSA including specific instances of acting out for men and women. The second paragraph then contained specific information of five different characteristics of abuse. These varied in a ratio to conceive 48 different vignettes and each participant was randomly given one of the 48 vignettes. Also included were four separate sections to the questionnaire, the Abuse Credibility Rating, Abuse-Focused Treatment Scale (AFTS), Prevalence of Sexual Abuse Scale (PSABS), and demographics. The research group utilized five focus groups and one panel of experts to develop the questionnaire and vignettes. The participants were 1008 randomly chosen members of the APA. Sixty eight percent of the participants responded with one percent refusing to participate. Five percent of the questionnaires had too much missing data to be useful. This created a pool of 64% of 984 usable questionnaires. The participants represented an ethnic breakdown that was consistent with the APA as a whole with the majority being doctoral level therapist. Twelve percent of the respondents reported a history of sexual abuse with two percent refusing to answer the question and three percent not being sure These efforts revealed some expected and some surprising results concerning how therapist interpret the type of recollection a patient presents. The article cited a study by Ofshe and Watters (1994) which stated that therapists rely on vague memories as evidence of sexual abuse. Whereas the results of this study showed therapists tend to Judging the Veracity of CSA Memories 3. hold vivid memories as proof of CSA. The study also showed therapists tend to disbelieve the truthfulness of previously forgotten memories as portraying actual events. However, there is a large volume of studies present, employing varying methodologies, which show a portion of CSA survivors experience periods of forgetting all or part of their ordeal such as those suffering from post traumatic stress disorder. Despite strong evidence proving a CSA survivor may well forget portions of their trauma, this study showed therapists tend to believe vivid and complete memories as opposed to vague, partial, or previously forgotten memories. Therapists also take into account the age of the patient at the time they experienced the abuse. They are prone to believe the patients who remember the abuse occurring after age 4. The therapists were not affected by the

Planning

Planning Introduction - What is Planning?Planning is one of the major functions of a manager and the future of the organization and the achievement of corporate goals may rely on the fact how well the planning process is carried out at each level of the organization.Planning is a logical process as it involves thinking and decision making and is a continuous and a dynamic process because changes in plans have to be made from time to time to take care of the changing environment. It concerns a series of action steps to achieve a specific goal. If you do it effectively, you can reduce much the necessary time and effort of achieving the goal. It is well known that for unstructured activities 80 percent of the effort, give less than 20 percent of the valuable outcome.Why do we need to plan?It is much easier to avoid wasting effort as some activities that you do without planning may end up as irrelevant to achieving our expected goals.Emmaus Bible College's Mission StatementAnd therefore redundant work may take place resulting in waste of time and resources. But with a plan it is possible to carry out the tasks in a most efficient and effective way possible.Planning is vital for meeting your needs during each action step with your time, money, or resources. The planning phase can be utilized to gather the resources that are need to fulfill a task. This helps the planner to get a clear idea about the expenditure of the task, the impact it has on the organization and the risks involved.Furthermore, a plan can be used as a tool which you can used in directing people to carry out their tasks and help supervisory personnel to identify the progress or where we are currently and also to...

What to Do if Youre Charged With Plagiarism in College

What to Do if You're Charged With Plagiarism in College Plagiarism- the act of passing off someone elses work as your own, no matter where you found it- is pretty common on college campuses. If one of your professors or an administrator realizes what youve done, you may be charged with plagiarism and put through some kind of campus judicial system. Figure out the Process Do you have a hearing? Are you supposed to write a letter explaining your side of the story? Does your professor simply want to see you? Or could you be placed on academic probation? Figure out what youre supposed to do and by when and then make sure it gets done. Make Sure You Understand the Charges You may have received a strongly worded letter accusing you of plagiarism, and yet youre not totally clear on what exactly it is youre being accused of. Talk with whoever sent you the letter or your professor about the specifics of your case. Either way, make sure you are crystal clear on what youre being charged with and what your options are. Understand the Consequences In your mind, you may have been up late, writing your paper, and absentmindedly cut and pasted something from your research that you forgot to cite. In your professors mind, however, you may have not taken the assignment very seriously, showed disrespect to him or her and your fellow classmates, and acted in a way that is unacceptable at the college level. What is not very serious to you may indeed be very serious to someone else. Make sure you understand what the consequence are, therefore, before you are unpleasantly surprised at how your sticky situation just got a lot worse. Respect and Participate in the Process You may not think the plagiarism charge is a big deal, so you toss the letter aside and forget about it. Unfortunately, however, plagiarism charges can be serious business. Respect and participate in the process so that you can explain your situation and reach a resolution. Figure Out What Youve Learned so It Doesnt Happen Again Plagiarism charges in college can be dealt with lightly (essay rewrite) or severely (expulsion). Consequently, learn from your mistake so that you can prevent getting yourself into a similar situation again. Having a misunderstanding about plagiarism, after all, can only happen once. The next time you receive a letter, folks are much less likely to be understanding since youve already been through the system. Learn what you can and move forward toward your ultimate goal: your diploma (earned by you and your own work, of course!).

Assessing Popper's critique of Marx's historicism as well as limited Essay - 1

Assessing Popper's critique of Marx's historicism as well as limited defense of one or more of one or more of Marx's doctrines - Essay Example According to Popper, the main Marxist doctrines that contributed to the failure by the Australian social democrats to prevent the rise of fascism and the eventual collapse of parliamentary democracy is the Marxist historical doctrine of pseudo-scientific historical materialism. Popper was particularly traumatized by the failure of the democratic parties in Austria to prevent the takeover of Austrian politics by fascism between the 1920s and the 1930s. Popper argued that the communist economic system, which were manifested through fatal ambiguity, passivity and vanguardist politics, and social engineering contributed to the collapse of the parliamentary democracy. In addition, Popper attributed economic historicism and communism to the decline of the Austrian social democracy and the rise of fascism. For example, according to Popper, economic historicism based on Marxist doctrines encouraged the skeptism of the socialist on their ability to reverse historical trends and this significantly weakened their resolve to fight fascism (Hacohen 328). Finally Popper suggested that Marxism led to Austrian social democracy into a dead end by creating real problems that tended to displace another. The social democracy, which Marx promoted, failed to demonstrate feasible economic alternative that reflected market capitalism and totalitarian command economy according to Karl Popper (. The Marx’s ideologies that were inherent in the Austrian socialism committed the country into grave errors. For example, he suggested that Marxism not only failed to provide the Austrian and German socialists with guidelines of sharing political power with the non-socialists thereby resulting in disastrous consequences to their struggle against fascism (Hacohen 327). According to Popper, some of the defensible Marxist doctrines included Marxists critique of psychologism as well as Marx arguments of the autonomy of sociology and

Memo to Manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Memo to Manager - Essay Example The giving of inexpensive gifts upon greeting, such as pens, foreign cigarettes, perfume, or shampoo are greatly appreciated by anyone, and can be used to indicate a desire for friendship. A major difference between Vietnamese and our Western culture is the meaning of eye contact. When you are introduced to a person who is your elder, of an elevated status, or the opposite sex, care should be made to not make eye contact. This is a sign of respect, and does not indicate a lack of trust as we perceive it. Also, putting your hands in your pockets or on your hips while talking is a sign of arrogance and shows disrespect. The Vietnamese prefer to follow a very rigid protocol when conducting a business meeting. A meeting will begin with the ranking guest making introductory remarks. These include formal thanks for hosting the meeting, objectives for the meeting, and an introduction of the participants. The Vietnamese host will follow with some formal remarks after which the substance of the meeting can begin. I plan to keep these rules of etiquette foremost in my mind on my visit. I will take some small gifts that would be appropriate for either a man or a woman for our initial greeting. As the most senior member of our staff, I will introduce the others during our first meeting and allow the Vietnamese to do the same.

Article Review of Health Disparities Research

Article Review of Health Disparities Research ARTICLE ONE (1) REVIEW Purpose This paper is a personal subjective review of the article Perspective: Challenges to Using a Business Case for Addressing Health Disparities,[1] further referenced herein as the literature. Definition Health disparity is defined as the difference in health among different populations[2] Discussion In our textbook, McKenzie and Pinger describe differential gaps between individuals as the cause for health disparities. To expand on this, they write[3]: recognized that some individuals lead longer and healthier lives than others, and that often these differences are closely associated with social characteristics such as race, ethnicity, gender, location, and socioeconomic status. These gaps between groups have been referred to as health disparities Health Disparity Problem Whereas our textbook briefly discusses health disparity, it doesnt delve into causes, nor how long it has existed. However, the how long answer can be found in a paper by Cindy Lawler in which she writes that the problem was recognized As early as 1899, W.E.B Dubois (1899) observed the existence of Racial and ethnic Health Disparities (REHDs), and through his social study of Blacks in Philadelphia he interpreted statistical data about their health and drew several conclusions that are similar to today. She also touched upon Dubois working with flawed health data collection in Philadelphia that sacrificed the accuracy of statistical analysis.[4] 80 plus studies, conducted between 1984 and 2004[5], have repeatedly stated similar, if not the same issues and viewpoint all point to the health disparity issues in the United States, but not enough data to identify a fix for the causation(s). So, if this is an age-old problem, why are we still facing this systemic problem after a full century of recommendations have been made? I believe the authors attempted to address this by writing the literature; but, it is my belief, they fell short as the literature only touches the tip of the ice berg. Challenges As written, the literature appears to be solely focused on the many challenges to using a business case for health care organizations. The common challenges that were identified included: lag-time in ROI, and disconnect between investor and the realized beneficiary. In discussing ways to tackle the problem, the literature laid out a litany of challenges faced by health care entities through use of a broad view of both business and social cases. Throughout, it outlined what businesses and health care entities must do to achieve a better ROI, while trying to attain equity, with the ultimate goal of achieving a reduction in health care disparity. The literature also points out that a great many health organizations remain reluctant to help combat the disparity problem. Their reasoning is based on concern for their bottom linethey are unsure about whether they may see a positive ROI return, or not. And, this is not without merit, especially since there is typically a lag between initiation and seeing the ROI. To emphasis this point the authors state it doesnt take much to begin the process. a combination of business and quality improvement principles may still be able to guide health care organizations seeking to reduce disparities. As a starting juncture, they suggest use of Pareto charts and application of the 80-20 rule. In doing so, stakeholders could initiate a process to re-focus their efforts, thus allowing them the ability to turn their energies toward redirecting threatened capital items, such as funds, manpower, and equipment more effectively. To prove their point, the authors referred to an 80/20 rule study which identified a disparity within an unidentified health care setting specifically, care afforded to African Americans. The study found that approximately 80 percent of African Americans were cared for by 20 percent of physicians, in an under-resourced setting, thus subjecting the group to a lessor form of quality care.[6] The literature goes on to identify another avenue to further increase effort effectiveness, and reap further rewards in doing so, and that is though collaboration with other interested parties within the community. By doing so, they hopefully will begin the process of reducing the disparities, one small step at a time. Who is at Risk? Health disparities commonly affect minority, low-income, and rural-based populations. One reason for this, in part, is due to location. Regardless of the setting, in town, low income housing projects, or rural environment, many may have little to no access to a quality care facility, or any type care facility, or provider at all. This forces these groups to travel greater distances, and in tight economic times, such as we are in today, these groups many not be able to afford the travel costs. This creates a socio-economic Access to Care disparity, as well as an inequity issue. Of course, many races and ethnicities are affected by these factors, and the literature explains that the authors believe this is rooted in racial segregation. Conclusion Individual health is the culmination of many factors. However, the most important factors are the social, economic, and environmental conditions in which we are born, live, work, study, and play. Engaging the social elements of health is a critical component of any comprehensive health equality strategy. Successful engagement could ultimately lead to reduced healthcare costs, and improvement in everyones overall health outlook. From a business standpoint, health care entities, stakeholders, and investors need to identify and implement the correct business model, ensure proper policies and procedures in place, and have buy in from everyone (community, workers, senior C levels, and ultimately clients) before they can begin to realize a faster, positive ROI. Furthermore, health care entities and business stake holders, in cooperation with community leaders and governmental agencies (regardless of level), need to realize there is a critical need to identify and improve community health environments and health policies. This can only be achieved though cooperative efforts by all; and, by supporting programs and policies that address the myriad of social and economic determinants of health. In doing so, only then can we ensure the root causes of health disparities, and the associated inequities, are adequately, and effectively addressed and eliminated. [1] Lurie, N., Somers, S. A., Fremont, A., et al., 2008 [2] McKenzie, James F., Pinger, Robert R. 2015. pg. 25, sidebar [3] McKenzie, James F., Pinger, Robert R. 2015, pg. 25, para 5 [4] Lawler, C. (2011), Introduction, pg. 15 [5] Lawler, C. (2011), Introduction, pg. 15, para. 3. [6] Lurie, N., Somers, S. A., Fremont, A., et al., 2008, para 12.

On Dumpster Diving Review

In the article â€Å"On Dumpster Diving†, Eighner states â€Å"After all, the finding of objects is becoming something of an urban art† (455). This shows Eighner is not embarrassed about this practice because it really is meaningful and helps him to survive. Although this art is view for so many people as disgusting, after reading this article and analyzing it, dumpster diving involve certain skills, knowledge and values that makes me think when using them, dumpster diving is a whole different thing than just a nasty practice. I can recall the times I threw good food, supplies and even clothes that I thought were not useful or simply I did not like anymore, and regret it because it makes me feel like the type of college students Eighner mentions in his writing. â€Å"To live in the streets I must anticipate my needs to a certain extent: I must pick up and save warm bedding I find in August because it will not be found in Dumpsters in November† (406). It is incredible how people like us with our hands full of privileges call some things garbage while for those that lack of them have to take advantage to sustain their lives in the present and the future. Now, I am certain that my trash will look different, or otherwise it will make me feel bad since I know someone else might want that piece of bread or need that pair of shoes. As I read over and over Eighner’s lines he looks wiser to me. He emphasizes the value of things and how anything becomes useful, or in other words sustainability â€Å"†¦ things of interest turn up every day and some days are finds of great value. I personally think the main point of this writing is to open people’s eyes and see how we do not appreciate anything around us, and not only the material stuff but also our environment and community. We do not take care of our natural resources and waste them as if they were infinite, we do the same with our things, we stereotype people without t hinking that every single person in different. And if all together put a little of interest and work toward our community, it would make sustainability easier.

The Atomic Bomb A Code Of Honor - 1373 Words

One of the documents above is from the Manhattan project, documenting the development of the atomic bomb. The atomic bomb was created to try and stop the World War Two. The people of the United States greatly did not want to use the bomb to end the war. The American citizens, and their government, did not know the rule of Bushido. Bushido is a code of honor in the culture of the Japanese. It bans all possible situations to dishonor one s self or the family of the same person. The person who wrote the document is Henry Dewolf Smyth. He talks about their need of plutonium and the development of the atomic bomb, and he starts to work on it, along with his co workers. â€Å" The ultimate responsibility for our nation s policy rests on its citizens and they can discharge such responsibilities wisely only if they are informed. The average citizen cannot be expected to understand clearly how an atomic bomb is constructed or how it works but there is in this country a substantial group of e ngineers and scientists who can understand such things and who can explain the potentialities of atomic bombs to their fellow citizens.†( Preface). In this he states that all of the citizens have a duty to keep their secrets to themselves, and not tell anything to the USSR or any other nation. The document came from the atomic archive which is a very credible source, and the limitation of it is that it only covers the side of the US but it also gives an indepth look at the Manhattan project from theShow MoreRelatedThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay1570 Words   |  7 PagesDespite the extreme devastation, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were necessary. The atomic bomb is a weapon unmatched in warfare, rapidly releasing nuclear energy by fission of atomic nuclei. 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Theodore Levitts The Globalization of Markets - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4507 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? In The Globalization of Markets, Theodore Levitt proposed that firms must adopt a homogenised approach to marketing in order to succeed in the international market. Discuss this view, drawing on relevant organisations/products in order to support your points. Theodore Levittà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s The Globalization of Markets, published in 1983, is considered in retrospect to be flawed. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Theodore Levitts The Globalization of Markets" essay for you Create order Yet it remains one of the most widely-read papers among business managers and students. A number of Harvard Business School seminars continue to make it required reading (Tedlow et al 2003: 20). The paper puts forward several theories: the most often cited is the suggestion that homogenisation of approach to global markets is required for success. However, a homogenous approach may suffer from insensitivity to local markets and fail to meet consumer requirements. However, Levittà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s theory is more complex than it first appears. It will be argued that certain levels of homogenisation can bring economies of scale, particularly if developed with a knowledge of cultural similarities as well as differences. Its other arguments continue to be persuasive: Levitt argues that the perceived requirements of consumers may change according to the features and pricing of other offers. Furthermore he acknowledges that the macroenvironment is not a constant, and that there will be tim es when homogeneity is not viable. The changes in the global market since 1983 are considerable and continue to develop, yet Levittà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s paper still has much to offer todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business managers. At the time Levitt was writing The Globalization of Markets, the global political situation was very different from today. The two most powerful nations were the US and the former USSR, which was still Communist, as was much of Eastern Europe. The Cold War tension between the West and Communist nations was still high. The Internet would not begin to become a commercial tool to any great degree until the mid-1990s. Penetration of computers for business and domestic use was still low. Business documents were typically produced on typewriters, some models of which had basic word-processing capabilities. Faxes were taking over from telex machines which had been around since the 1920s. Mobile phones were heavy, suffered from poor coverage and were not widely us ed. The resulting situation was a world where communications over long distances were often difficult, and where 32% of the population lived under Communism and was simply not a target market because of the very minimal levels of international trade with Communist nations (Tedlow et al 2003:10). When Levitt discusses globalisation, therefore, it is in the context of a far smaller market than today. Levittà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s paper was positioned to be provocative: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“He does not offer a tenstep programà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Instead he shouts: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Wake up!à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Tedlow et al 2003: 14). He asserts that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Companies that do not adapt to the new global realities will become victims of those that doà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Levitt 1983: 102). Levitt begins by outlining the difference between the international and global approaches. International organisations adjust operations for each country in which they have a commercial presenc e. The global organisation, on the other hand, does not use differentiation: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It sells the same things in the same way everywhereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (ibid: 92). Levitt cites global brands à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Coca-Cola and Pepsi, Revlon, McDonalds, Sony, Levi jeans à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" as examples of success without tailoring products to specific markets (ibid:93). He does not rule out digressing from the route of standardisation, but stresses that this must only occur when absolutely necessary, and a return to standardisation should be the objective (ibid: 94): standardisation has cost efficiencies enabling global companies to compete with local suppliers (ibid: 94) Levitt recognises barriers to trade such as taxes on imports but argues that the situation is constantly changing (ibid: 99). Levitt argues that it is wrong to assume that the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expressed needs must be met (ibid). While consumers may have a preference regarding their ideal product, many prefer to compromise on features in favour of a lower-priced item. Levitt demonstrates this through a case study of Hoover: market research showed that German consumers liked high specification washing machines, and so Hoover targeted the market with such machines, charging an appropriately high price. However, Italian washing machines, at a much lower specification, and a much lower price, gained favour with the German market to Hooverà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cost (ibid: 96-98). Hoover shows à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the perverse practice of the marketing concept and the absence of any kind of marketing imagination let multinational attitudes survive when customers actually want the benefits of global standardisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦It asked people what feature they wanted in a washing machine rather than what they wanted out of lifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (ibid: 98) To summarise, Levittà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s key ideas are (1) that homogenisation is more cost efficient, and (2) that consumers will of ten accept a lower-cost product with fewer features rather than a more expensive item tailored to a local market. He argues that established marketing practice must be approached in more imaginative ways for real business benefits. Levittà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ideas can be considered in the context of various pertinent marketing concepts and theories. Levittà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s approach can be considered in terms of marketing mix using the 4 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Pà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s: product is homogenised, designed to have wide general appeal without offering features that are only relevant to a specific market segment. price is low place is not considered promotion is barely considered Product As will be seen in the following sections, the successful global brands cited by Levitt as taking a homogenised approach to the global market do not demonstrate strict adherence to and success with his recommendations. McDonaldsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ homogenisation strategy has not been universally successful: as it opened up operations in South Africa in the 1990s, its focus on beef surprised local managers. The main market sector of local black consumers favoured chicken because it was cheaper than beef. Beef was the preference of white consumers. Local competitors acknowledged and used these market segment characteristics to their advantage (Kotler et al 1999: 183). Samsungà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s successful approach to the global market has focused on high specification and high price to grow its market share. Its UK market share grew from 2.6% in 2000 to 155 in 2003, and climbed from 4th in the worldwide market in 2002 to 3rd in terms of unit sales and 2nd in terms of revenues the f ollowing year (Lee et al 2004: 12). Samsung has also decentralised its design departments, placing them in the US, UK and Japan to cater better for local tastes, but the design and other departments maintain the Samsung brand consistently in all markets. This demonstrates a combination of homogenisation and differentiation. The mobile phone market has characteristics that make it difficult to adopt a completely homogenised approach to achieve success globally. The Japanese markets typically adopt new technology 2 to 3 years ahead of their European counterparts, and this has been one of the reasons that Vodafone has struggled to perform in Japan and has now exited the market. While the company was able to learn from the Japanese market and use this knowledge to perform well in other countries as they à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"caught upà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Japanese firms appear to have been better positioned and able to capitalise on the understanding of their domestic market. With many mar kets reaching saturation point for mobile phone ownership, the focus has moved to encouraging consumers to purchase new phones, which compete on functionality (most recently colour screens, cameras and digital music file capabilities) and/or creating a design trend (Motorolaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Razr has successfully achieved this, assisted by bringing out the phone in a range of different colours). Phone purchases are subsidised by network operators who prefer consumers to buy phones with high levels of functionality as this increases their use of them and hence the revenues generated. The iPod is another example of a product which is achieving global dominance through a design which is becoming iconic. It is not the cheapest digital music player, nor does it have as high a specification as some similarly-priced players, yet in the UK, 44% of MP3 players are iPods (XTN 2006: 3) The iPod is a global product, at least in those markets where individuals have the disposable income to purchase one and the technology to transfer audio files to it. Tailoring the product is not necessary, although the iTunes website, providing downloads for the device, is limited by national copyright legislation in the countries where it operates. French MPs recently voted that downloads from iTunes and other similar sites must be compatible with all MP3 players, presenting a further challenge to homogenisation for iTunes: it is anticipated it will pull out of the French market (Chrisafis et al 2006). Price The most notable departure from Levittà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s advocated approach by his global brand examples is on price. Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Levis and Sony are premium brands which have, for many years, competed with lower-priced local brands with similar features and functions. The importance of the global brandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s value, recognised by leading contemporary theorists (Lagace 2003), cannot be underestimated, yet its value is arguably diminishing (ibid). McDonaldsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ pricing strategy varies from market to market. In the UK, for example, its products are cheaper than many of its competitorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. In the Czech Republic a Big Mac costs the equivalent of $2.60 at January 2006 exchange rates, much lower than the $3.15 US (domestic) price. (www.economist.com/markets/bigmac/displayStory.cfm?story_id=5389856). However, in respect of the local market, it is a premium-product: if the price is considered in relation to average salary, the Czech price i s the equivalent of a US consumer paying $12, and other restaurant/fast food options are often cheaper (www.czechpoint101.com/costofliving.html). Place While Levitt does not consider place of sale, his theories can nevertheless be applied to sales channels. Homogenisation enables operations such as distribution to be standardised, potentially reducing costs. While it might be assumed that local retail practices should be adhered to in order to compete with local products, this may not be the case. Dell, for example, reduces costs through not having retail outlets in a market where many of its competitors do. While the internet may have given a competitive edge to some businesses because of reduction of overheads, traditional retailers are moving into multiple platform selling, with high street stores and websites reinforcing brand and providing a tangible element that some consumers find reassuring: Madslien (2005) cites research by Deloitte showing that for Christmas shopping in the UK, the websites of high street retailers were the most popular. However, this economy is dependent on the market having access to the Internet sa les platform. Ryanairà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s experience demonstrates the difficulties of regional internet sites, let alone global sites. Its website is identical for each European country in which it operates, but because many East Europeans do not use credit cards and Internet penetration is lower than in Western Europe (Economist 2004: 69), sales have been compromised. This shows how homogenising sales channels to cut costs can be an unsuccessful strategy. Promotion Promotion can be homogenised but may prove less effective in some countries as a result. For example, magazines are more popular in Italy than in Austria (Kotler et al 1999: 214), so can achieve much greater penetration. Homogenised approaches require localised research beforehand to be effective, particularly with product names, which can translate badly. For example, the Nova car had disappointing sales in Spain, where Nova translates as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t goà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (MarcousÃÆ' © et al 2003: 38). For a domestic brand which subsequently looks to expand into a wider market, a change of name may be necessary to take advantage of economies of scale in production and marketing, but can weaken the brandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s identity in the market in which the change is made if it is already established there. Kotler et al suggest an approach which has echoes of Levittà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s theories but is less uncompromising, and can enable homogenised promotion. They define global marketing as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“concerned with integrating or standardizing marketing actions across a number of geographic marketsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , advocating a departure from the standard where a local market demands it, but maintaining consistency to as great a degree as possible. They suggest focusing on similarities: this requires a great deal of local knowledge of markets, but rather than using that to tailor a campaign for one area, it is used to produce a promotional strategy for a wider geographical area (Kotler et al 1999: 185). This approach enabled Gillette to promote the Sensor razor by finding three characteristics of concern to shavers in all global markets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" closeness, safety and comfort à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and using these as the basis for the message in a highly successful promotional campaign (ibid: 211). While it is frequently argued that cultural differences mean that promotion and the should be tailored to each countr y that an organisation operates in, Dahl argues that research into cultural differences and advertising shows a bias, with researchers comparing countries which are specifically selected because of their differences, rather than investigating similarities (2004: 22). Additionally, he notes that research covering advertising looks at advert content rather than consumer response to content (ibid: 21). However, there are advantages if homogenisation is viable: Silk et al identify a cost advantage of 1% to 2% through economies of scale serving both the domestic and overseas markets in marketing and advertising agencies (2003:2): this may seem little, but costs may run into billions for the larger agencies, and the aim is for a margin of 15% (ibid: 38) Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Five Forces Theory Levittà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model gives limited consideration to the various factors that may help or hinder organisations in any market, and these are no less applicable to organisations with the capacity to trade globally. Porter (1979) looks at five areas influencing a business: supplier power, buyer power, degree of rivalry, threat of substitutes and barriers to entry. To these can also be added barriers to exit, collusion (e.g. between competitors) and strategic alliances, and several of these aspects are of particular relevance here. Global operations require certain supply strategies. As the scale of operations is larger, there is increased likelihood that one supplier will not be able to service all demand from the organisation, yet having a number of suppliers is likely to reduce economies of scale and requires additional administration and negotiation, adding to costs. Minimising costs is core to Levittà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model. Using one or two larger suppliers may redu ce costs, but increases risk as if one supplier has difficulties, it impacts on a far larger proportion of production. The trend in recent decades has been for global businesses to source as well as supply globally. There has been a particular preference for developing manufacturing capacity in low wage areas in order to keep costs down. This also helps global organisations compete with local businesses. However, there have been growing concerns among consumers regarding ethics and corporate social responsibility. Gap and Nike have acknowledged issues with the labour conditions at some of their suppliers (ETI 2005: 3) and have sought to improve these. Although this may appear to increase costs, products tend to be of higher quality because workers are less tired (ibid: 4), and suppliers are more likely to be delivered on time (ibid). This helps improve efficiency in distribution and creates savings in other areas. Additionally, it helps reduce the risk of consumer backlash, which Nike in particular suffered from in the late 1990s (Klein 2000:377). Boycotts of brands perceived to be ethically unsound demonstrate the power of the buyer. When Levitt suggests that consumers will compromise on features in order to buy goods at a lower price, it might be assumed that the global business is in the position to dictate to the market what products it will buy. The observations regarding Hoover actually reflect a more complex relationship between product and buyer, relating to a perception of whether the cost per benefit reflects value. The supermarket model raises several issues with regard to Levitt. The first is the establishment of global supply chains, not only to compete with local producers in foreign markets, but also to compete in domestic markets by undercutting local producers. Organisations such as Wal-Mart in the US and Tesco in the UK have sought to establish global supply chains to reduce costs while originally operating in the domestic market. Bo th have subsequently moved to operate globally, with Tescoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s overseas sales rising 13% in 2005 (Fletcher 2006). The second issue is the extent to which a homogenised supermarket model can be exported, and there is a strong argument for tailoring to a specific market in areas such as food, which is an integral element of cultures yet varies hugely from country to country. Tescoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s approach is strongly localised, particularly in East Asia. Its Chinese stores are the result of a joint venture and their success can be partly attributed to the input of local partners who have helped them create an atmosphere instore that mirrors outdoor markets (ibid). A lack of success by a number of supermarkets attempting to export their UK model (Marks and Spencer in Europe, Sainsbury in the US, Tesco in France) suggests that local practices need to be incorporated into any retailing strategy. However a third issue shows adherence to Levitt principles: the acceptance by the consumer of lower specification at a lower cost. In order to prolong shelf-life, supermarkets use à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“premature picking and over-refrigerationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Blythman 2005: 82) leading to underripe products on supermarket shelves, but because consumers place value on the convenience of supermarket shopping and prices of many lines are cheaper than from shops who only operate locally, poorer quality produce is accepted. The consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expectations are more complex than Levitt implies. In a summary of papers presented at Harvard Business Schoolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 2003 Globalization of Markets Colloquium, Legace cites a presentation by Holt, Quelch and Taylor identifying five à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"lensesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ through which the consumer views global brands. Expectations of higher quality among global brands are common, particularly of those with US, European and Japanese identities, and there is also a perception that purchase global brands confers a higher status onto the consumer. These observations would seem to be at odds with the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"basic productà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ advocated by Levitt, and with the attempts to drive down costs by sourcing in countries where production costs are lower. Strategic alliances are not discussed by Levitt, and may be key to an operator moving into a global market. Samsungà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s initial venture into the US demonstrates a tailored, internationalist approach. The company worked with Sprint to develop jointly-branded phones as part of a $600m, 3 year contract signed in 1996 (Lee et al 2004: 10). This leads onto the issue of entry into a market. Levittà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s paper appears to be more applicable to organisations that already have a presence in a number of markets. For those expanding from a domestic market into global supply, the creation of the necessary infrastructure will require significant levels of investment. Kotler identifies three main methods of approach to entering foreign markets: exporting, joint venturing and direct investment (1999: 204-208). Exporting is the simplest, as many of the functions remain in the organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s home country. However, this may involve higher production costs than competitors in the foreign market. Use of intermediaries may help smooth the initial move into a market, but adds a link to the distribution chain, and hence adds a cost. Joint venturing moves more of the operation into the foreign market enabling an organisation to utilise local knowledge more effectively, but reduces control. Direct investment involves setting up operations in a foreign country, but requires a large amount of investment. Direct investment could mean a more tailored approach in a particular market, which conflicts with Levittà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s suggestions, but could also be part of a global supply network built by an organisation that helps reduce costs. Levitt does appear to conflict wit h Porter on the issue of differentiation. By focusing on reduced specification products that compete on price, an organisation increases the ease with which a competitor can produce a similar item. A cost-based strategy assumes that competitors are inefficient (Hammonds 2001), and relying on competitor ineptitude is risk-laden à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Porter is particularly critical of Internet-based companies who take this approach (2001: 72). He also emphasises differentiation and acceptance that the offer may not appeal to the whole market, but that there should not be compromise to appeal to a wider market base (Hammonds 2001). Levittà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s advocated approach appears to compromise on product to appeal to the widest possible market. Further Areas to Consider The Globalization of Markets functions primarily as a short article suggesting that businesses rethink accepted ways of operating, and does not try to speculate on future developments, other than to argue that those ignoring its advice will struggle to compete against those who take Levittà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ideas on board (Levitt 1983: 102). It is inevitable that in a changing world, various factors have come into play which define new issues for the global operator. Levitt does not consider the possibility of reactions against globalisation (Tedlow et al 2003: 27). These can in turn lead to opportunities for businesses catering for specific markets. An example is Mecca Cola (Murphy 2003), a product developed in France targeted at Muslims not wishing to drink US brands, and which is now sold in the Middle East, Europe, Africa and some parts of the Americas. Research by Weber Shandwick in 2003, found that the US were boycotters as well as boycotted, with 43% of US consumers surv eyed saying they were less likely to buy French products because of lack of support from France for the Iraq invasion (www.webershandwick.com/newsroom/newsrelease.cfm/contentid,9047.html). An important element of cost structure for globalisation is not covered by Levitt, but is evident in Sharmaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s description of local Indian brands competing with global brands. Sharma (2004: 6) identifies Nirma as the leading detergent brand in India, due to its pricing strategy. A low-cost model operated in all the businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s areas providing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“adequate quality at affordable pricesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Nirma holds companies producing ingredients for its products, helping keep its costs down. It has provided strong competition for Hindustan Lever, part of the global Lever operation, although Lever dominates due to its extensive product portfolio. The discussion above suggests that the application of Levittà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s theories is relevant to man y businesses to some degree. Certain markets seem more suited to homogenisation than others, but there is a strong argument for a carefully considered approach. Kotler et al cite 1982 research identifying the main factors underlying a marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s potential: these are demographics, geography and economic factors (1999: 203). Yet the examples discussed suggest that equally important is consideration of cultural similarities between different markets. It may be more viable to open markets in a number of countries where economies of scale are possible because of similarities between them, rather than to focus on characteristics of a country in isolation from other markets. While the message of Levittà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s article at first seems an extreme call to operate in the same way in all markets, its core ideas, if adapted according to the needs of businesses, can deliver greater profitability and efficienty. There are two important lessons for business managers: Recognition of the flexibility of the consumer to consider alternatives This may involve relatively detailed assessments of the importance of different characteristics to a market, and how much value is attached to each The possibility of homogenising at least some areas of global operation Through analysis, identifying similarities rather than focusing on differences can provide a streamlined operation Where the article fails is in the lack of identification of a homogenised global brand using a low-cost strategy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" but, it could be argued, successful global brands with premium prices enjoy increased margins and may be more profitable. 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